CHAPTER 8 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Perception
Process of selecting cues quickly from environment, organizing into a pattern, labeling pattern, and interpreting according to expectation
- Selective attention
- Selective organization
- Selective interpretation
Selective Attention Process
Pick out cues quickly from our cultural landscape
Selective Organization/Labeling Process
Organize our perceptions by grouping similar objects/people/things and labeling them
Selective Interpretation
Attach meanings to the data we receive; often reflects our expectations and biases
Ethnocentrism
Considering the views and standards or your own ingroup as more important than those of any outgroup
Communication Degrees of Ethnocentrism
DISTANCE OF INDIFFERENCE: low ethnocentrism; lack of sensitivity
DISTANCE OF AVOIDANCE: moderate ethnocentrism; attempted linguistic switching and displayed NV inattention in presence of outgroup
DISTANCE OF DISPARAGEMENT: high ethnocentrism; use of racist jokes or hate speech to downgrade outgroup
DMIS
Development Model of IC Sensitivity
As a person experiences cultural difference in a more nuanced way, competence increases
DMIS States of Ethnocentrism
DENIAL: own culture is only real one
DEFENSE: own (or adopted) culture is only good one
MINIMIZATION: elements of own culture viewed as universals
DMIS States of Ethnorelativism
ACCEPTANCE: own culture is one of many possible diverse cultural experiences
ADAPTATION: experience of another culture yields perceptual shifting and behavioral adaptation
INTEGRATION: intentionally incorporates diverse cultural worldviews
Stereotypes
Exaggerated pictures created about a group of ppl based on inflexible beliefs about characteristics/behaviors of group
SCM
Stereotype Content Model
Form stereotypes along 2 dimensions:
- Low-High Warmth
- Low-High Competence
Inflexible Stereotyping
Holding on to preconceived/negative stereotypes by operating on autopilot
Flexible Stereotyping
Treating stereotypic images as “1st best guesses” and being aware it’s a stereotype
Ingroup Favoritism Principle
These is a positive attachment to and predisposition for norms of your ingroup
Attributions
Explanations ascribed to why ppl behave the way they do or why certain events happen
3 Intergroup Biases
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR: overestimating negative traits in explaining a stranger’s undesirable behavior and underestimating situational factors
PRINCIPLE OF NEGATIVITY: tend to place more emphasis on negative info concerning outgroups
FAVORABLE SELF-BIAS & OTHER-DEROGATION: tendency to favor ourselves/ingroup in explaining our successes and to create derogatory explanations for others’/outgroup successes
Self-Effacement Bias
Use of self-humbling/modesty interpretations to explain failed events
Prejudice
Feelings/predispositions towards outgroup members in a negative direction with little evidence to support overgeneralization
4 Explanations of Prejudice
EXPLOITATION THEORY: views power as scarce resource
SCAPEGOATING THEORY: prejudiced ppl believe they are victims of society
AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY APPROACH: rigid observance of norms, complete acceptance of authority, high concern for those in power
STRUCTURAL APPROACH: stresses climate in society whereby institutions promote a pecking order
Discrimination
V and NV actions that carry out prejudiced attitudes
4 Discriminatory Practices
ISOLATE DISCRIMINATION: harmful V and NV action targeted toward outgroup member by an individual
SMALL-GROUP DISCRIMINATION: band of individuals from ingroup engage in hostile actions against outgroup
DIRECT INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION: community-prescribed endorsement of discrimination
INDIRECT INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION: broad practice that indirectly affects group members without intending to
Racism
Personal/institutional belief in the cultural superiority of one race and perceived inferiority of others
Racial Profiling
Singling out of one particular ethnic group in a police investigation
Hate Crime
Typically motivated by hostility to the victim as a member of a group
