Chapter 8 Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
cognition
A
- mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
2
Q
cognitive revolution
A
- a consideration of language
3
Q
properties of language
A
- symbolic
- semantic
- generative
- structures
4
Q
symbolic
A
- using symbols to talk about places, times, things, people, actions
- give us meaning or information
- used to represent things
5
Q
semantic
A
- symbols have meaning that we can use to convey information
- the meaning of words and word combinations
6
Q
generative
A
- we can take different symbols and words to create sentences that have nerve been used before
- we make up new words overtime
7
Q
structured
A
- we have rules that tell us how to put words together to create sentences to convey meaning
8
Q
phonemes
A
- smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually
- younger=more phonemes heard
- 40 in English language
- sound units that make up language
- combine them to create morphemes
9
Q
morphemes
A
- smallest unit of meaning
- combine them to create words
10
Q
denotation vs connotation
A
- denotation: dictionary meaning of a word
- connotation: emotional meaning
ex: snake
11
Q
syntax
A
- a system of rules for arranging and organizing words into sentences
- the swimmer, not swimmer the
12
Q
language development: 6 months
A
- phonemes
- babbling resembling language
- beneficial to developing language
- children learning ASL will babble through sign
13
Q
language development: 1 year
A
- first word
- similar cross-culturally (words for parents)
- receptive> expressive
14
Q
receptive vs expressive
A
- receptive: what they can understand
- expressive: what they ca say/use
15
Q
ASL benefit
A
- can increase expressive language
16
Q
language development: 18-24 months
A
- vocabulary spurt, learn a lot of language at once
- fast mapping: pick up words after one exposure
- over extension: applying words to more cases than appropriate
- under extension: believe word only applies to certain/narrow set of cases
17
Q
language development: end of 2 years
A
- combine words
- telegraphic speech: least words as possible (not all languages)
18
Q
language development: end of 3 years
A
- complex ideas: pleural, past tense
- over regularization
19
Q
over regularization
A
- across all languages
- certain words when we convert them into past tense they are unusual
- children are learning that you usually use -ed
- ex: “goed” instead of “went”
20
Q
language development: 6 years
A
- metalinguistic awareness: reflect on language use, how we can play around with how we use language
- ex: sarcasm, jokes, word play, puns
21
Q
bilingualism: disadvantages
A
- 2nd language more easily acquired early in life
- smaller vocabularies in each language, but combined = normal size
- slight disadvantage in terms of language processing speed
- can learn new languages when we are older but not to same extent (before 17)
22
Q
bilingualism: advantages
A
- metalinguistic awareness
- attention/executive function
- dementia occurs later
- more grey matter that helps brain function + neurons
- benefits to white matter
23
Q
greater acculturation facilitates acquisition
A
- language learning is not just cognitive
- being involved in social aspect and cultural events related to language helps your learning
24
Q
Allen and Beatrice Gardner
A
- chimpanzee Washoe
- taught him words in ASL
- picked up 160 words and formed them into simple phrases
- didn’t acquire all the aspects they were trying to teach
- didn’t really acquire language
25
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
- chimps can acquire language through LEXIGRAMS (tiny images associated with words)
26
chimps in PET scan
- area that resembles Brocas area
27
Steven Pinker
- argues language is a human specific trait
| - language chimps are learning is equivalent to young child
28
Genie: the wild child
- neglected and tied to chair, no communication with anyone until 13
- learned words and 2-word combinations
- did not learn grammar to how to ask questions
- consistent with critical period
- did not become very verbal
29
critical period
- time during which learning/exposure to stimuli must take place
30
behaviourist theories: Skinner
- learning of specific verbal responses
- all about learning and environment
- learn language by parents using language and by child imitating what people around them said
31
nativist theories: Chomsky
- Language Acquisition Device
- not a case of imitation if we look at it as over regularization
- humans have language acquisition device
- neural circuitry in brain allows us to acquire language
- if we don't have exposure we will not learn language and grammar
32
language acquisition device
- innate mechanism or process that facilities learning of language
33
interactionist theories: Whorf
- Linguistic relativity: ones language determines the nature of ones thought
- people exposed to a lot of snow have different view of snow
34
Whorf support and criticisms
- he downplayed the amount of words people have for snow
| - support for a weaker version, not as all or none
35
problem solving
- active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
36
Greeno
came up with types of problems
- problems of inducing structure
- problems of arrangement
- problems of transformation
37
problems of inducing structure
- need to learn relationship amongst items
- ex: series completion and analogy
series: ABMCDM…
analogy: merchant-seller, customer-...
38
problems or arrangement
- need to re-arrange items to save the problem
| - ex: string problem and anagrams
39
problems of transformation
- sequence of steps to reach an end goal
| - ex: water jar, hobbits and orcs problem
40
well defined problem
- have a goal to reach and know somewhat what you need to do to solve the problem
41
ill defined
- steps are not clear
| - not as straightforward
42
barriers to effective problem solving
- irrelevant information
- functional fixedness
- mental set
- unnecessary constraints
43
irrelevant information
- people assume all info in problem is important when it is not always
- socks example
44
functional fixedness
- tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
- string problem example
45
mental set
- when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
- eggs in basket example
46
unnecessary constraints
- assume constraints exist when they do not
| - 4 lines through circles example
47
approaches to problem solving
- algorithms
- heuristics
- forming subgoals
- working backward
- searching for analogies
- changing the representation of a problem
- incubation
48
algorithms
- systematic trial and error
- go through every possible approach to solve problem
- guaranteed solution
- unscrambling words
49
heuristics
- shortcuts
- decreases number of possible combinations
- no guaranteed solution
50
incubation effect
- good to walk away from a problem and come back to it later
- going at it again and again is not very effective
- should be taking breaks
51
holistic vs analytic cognitive styles
- holistic: focus on the whole, Eastern
| - analytic: analyze component, focus on key items, Western
52
decision making
- evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
53
decision making: Simon
- human decision making is not rational
| - we don't make the best choice, we let emotion get in the way
54
choice overload
- Schwartz
- too many options makes us paralyzed and we are unable to make a decision
- having many choices is bad for us
55
uncertainty
- when people don't know what will happen due to their choice
- dislike
56
additive strategies
- rate each of the items and add them up to decide which one is better
- useful when we have a few options
- 2 cell phone plans
57
elimination by aspects
- deciding what the important features for you are and eliminating those that aren't important
- good for huge amount of options
- coffee shop menu
58
expected value
- actual amount expected gain
| - negative
59
subjective probability
- your personal estimate of how likely you thing you are to win
60
subjective utility
- what a win would mean to you
61
availability heuristic
- basing the estimated probability of an event on the case which relevant instances come to mind
- related to things that happen to people close to you
62
representativeness heuristic
- basing estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
- tom playing for major symphony or being a farmer
63
conjunction fallacy
- when people estimate that the odds of 2 uncertain events happening together are greater than happening alone
- professors and politician
64
Csomides and Tooby
- real world adaptive problems
| - problems are solved better when put in terms of an actual experience someone may have
65
Gigerenzer
- quick and dirty heuristics
- making fast decisions under pressure
- just as effective as taking time
66
framing
- the way an issue is posed influences you thinking
| - 90% lean vs 10% fat
67
planning fallacy
- we always thing we can do so much more than we can
68
optimism bias
- when someone believes they themselves are not as likely to experience a negative event
