Chapter 8&9: Fleshy Fruits & Vegetative Structures of Plants & Diversity of Leaves Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is a fruit?
- A fruit is a ripened, mature ________ of a flower usually encasing seeds
- sometimes the ________ contributes to the fruits
-example of ___________ fruits: apple, pear, strawberry
ovary
receptacle
accessory
Fruit Anatomy
-___________(pericarp) develops into _________
-3 layers of pericarp:
1. exocarp
2. mesocarp
3. endocarp
ovary wall
fruit
exo- peel
meso- flesh
endo- core/seed
Fruit Type
-Simple
-Fruit develops from ________ ovary
-sometimes that equals a _________
ex. peach
-sometimes its __________ seeds
ex. tomato
single
single seed
multiple
Fruit Type
-Compound:
-develops from __________
-aggregate: multiple ovaries, ______________(ex. blackberries
-multiple: multiple ovaries of __________ flowers (ex. pineapple)
mult ovaries (1 flower, mult ovaries)
1 flower (blackberries)
multiple (pineapples)
Fruit vs. Vegetable
-does it have ______________?
- then its a _____________
-are you eating a reproductive structure or something that came from a reproductive structure?
-then its a ________________
-are you eating a non-reproductive structure? (leaves, stem, root)
then its a ____________
seeds
fruit
fruit
vegetable
Purpose of fruits
-much like flower shape, color and odor were designed for ___________
-fruit shape, texture, flavor, etc. is designed for _____________
pollinators
seed dispersal & seed protection
Examples of Seed Dispersal
_____________: typically dispersed by animals (eg birds, mammals)
fleshy
Examples of Seed Dispersal
____________: Typically dispersed on animals
dry fruits
Examples of Seed Dispersal
Nut: single seed covered by a hard shell (often dispersed by both water & animals)
Examples of Seed Dispersal
Dry fruit
Samara: dry fruit with a flat, wing like outgrowth (wind dispersed)
Dry fruit: (splits open to reveal down-covered seeds [wind]
Plant Vegetative Structures
-Leaves
-site of _______________
-Stems
-support and transport of ________________
-Roots
-anchor plant
-absorption of ___________ and nutrients
-___________________-
^^(all):
-variable functions
*all non-reproductive
-if eaten, we classify these as vegetables
photosynthesis
water/nutrients
water
storage
Plant Growth
-plants grow in ________ directions
- in width
-in height/length
-growth occurs at specialized structures called ____________
-_____________=apical meristems (roots)
-this is the __________ growth
-_____________= lateral meristems
-this is _____________ growth
2
meristems
height/length
primary
width
secondary
Plant Growth
-increase in length/height
-occurs on _________ and ___________
-increase in width
-occurs only on __________
stems and roots
stems
Leaf Anatomy
-layers on a leaf
1. epidermis (_______ most layer)
-upper and lower
2. mesophyll
-(____________)
outer
inner
Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within epidermis
Cuticle:
-_______________, covering
-helps maintain ________________
-varies in thickness between plants
-ex. magnolia leaves are very waxy with thick cuticles (ie very _________)
outer, waxy
water balance
shiny
Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within the epidermis
-Stomata
-___________ in the epidermis
-control entry and exit of __________ and ___________
-Guard Cells
-control the opening and closing of _____________
pores
gases and water
stomata
Epidermis - Stomata Adaptations
If stomata allow water to leave the plant how do plants in dry environments keep from losing too much water?
-some plants only have stomata on __________ of the
-not exposed to as much _______ which __________
-some plants only keep stomata opening during certain times
-ex. __________________
-stomata only open at ________ when the air is more moist reducing evaporation
-stomata closed during the ___________ when air is dry and risk of evaporation of water is high
underside
sunlight which reduce evaporation
CAM plants (only open @ night)
night
day
(succulents, cactus, pineapple)
Leaf Anatomy- Mesophyll
Mesophyll (innermost layer)
3 layers:
1. Palisade cells
-uppermost 1-3 layers
-main site of ____________
2. Spongy cells
-underneath palisade
-facilitate _________ exchange
3. vascular bundle cells
-xylem: carry _________
-phloem: carry __________-
xylem and phloem are visible on surface of leaf jfdjskl
photosynthesis
gas
H2O, minerals
sugars
Leaf Terminology
1. _______________
-simple
-compound
-palmate
-pinnate
2. Leaf ____________
-opposite
-alternate
-whorled
3. _______________
-parallel
-arcuate
-net-veined
-palmate
-pinnate
leaf type
arrangement
venation
Leaf Terminology - Type
-Simple: ____________/ blade attached to the __________-
-Compound: more than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole
What is a petiole?
1 leaf/ blade
petiole
Leaf Terminology - Type
Petiole:
-connection to _____________
-the location of ___________
So to determine what is the petiole:
-locate the axillary buds
-the bud tells you that where the stem connects to the petiole
the stem
axillary buds
Sessile Plants
_________ petioles
- direct stem attachment
no
Stem v Petiole?
Look for _________
-tells you what is stem and what is petiole
-only form at ____________
-not at base of leaflets
-node: where petiole ______________
Then count how many blades are attached to petiole
-____________=simple
-____________= compound
axillary buds
base of petiole
attaches to stem
1
more than 1
Leaf Terminology- type: simple
1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =______________
simple
