Chapter 8

Question 1

Aerobic metabolism

Answer 1

Breakdown of molecules such as glucose through a series of reactions that produce energy within the cells in the presence of oxygen

Question 2

Afterload

Answer 2

The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome by contraction of the left ventricle to eject blood

Question 3

Airway resistance

Answer 3

Related to the ease of airflow down the conduit of airway structures leading to the alveoli

Question 4

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 4

Amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute

Question 5

Alveoli

Answer 5

Air sacs of the lungs

Question 6

Anaerobic metabolism

Answer 6

Is the break down if molecules in the cells without the presence of oxygen

Question 7

Baroreceptors

Answer 7

Stretch sensitive receptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses that detect changes in blood pressure

Question 8

Boyles law

Answer 8

States that the volume of gas is inversely proportionate to the pressure

Question 9

Cardiac output

Answer 9

Defined as the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in 1 minute

Question 10

Carina

Answer 10

Located at the second intercostal space anteriorly or fourth thoracic vertebra posteriorly

Question 11

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 11

Are located near the respiratory center in the medulla

Question 12

Chemoreceptors

Answer 12

Are specialized receptors that monitor ph carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in arterial blood

Question 13

Compliance

Answer 13

A measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs to stretch Distend and expand

Question 14

Dead air space

Answer 14

Consists of anatomic areas in the respiratory tract where air collects during inhalation areas where, however, no gas exchange occurs

Question 15

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 15

A hemoglobin molecule that has no oxygen attached

Question 16

Dorsal respiratory group (drg)

Answer 16

Located posterior to the vrg relays it’s sensory information to the vrg to provide further input on depth and rate of respiration

Question 17

Epiglottis

Answer 17

A flap of cartilaginous tissue that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing

Question 18

Frank-starling law of the heart

Answer 18

Blood fills the left ventricle the muscle fibers stretch to house the blood. The stretch of muscle fiber at the end of diastole determines the force available to eject the blood from the ventricle

Question 19

Frequency of ventilation

Answer 19

Generally calculated as the number of ventilations in one minute

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

When glucose crosses the cell membrane it is broken down into pyruvic acid molecules

Question 21

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 21

The force inside the vessel or capillary bed generated by the contraction of the heart and blood pressure

Question 22

Irritant receptors

Answer 22

Found in the airways and are sensitive to irritating gases aerosols and particles

Question 23

J-receptors

Answer 23

Are found in the alveoli near the surrounding capillaries and are sensitive to increases in the pressure in the capillary

Question 24

Larynx

Answer 24

The structure that contains the vocal cords and is Lined by a mucous membrane

Question 25

Laryngeal spasm

Answer 25

Where the vocal cords spasm and close together which prevents any air from passing through into the trachea

Question 26

Micro circulation

Answer 26

The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels the arterioles capillaries and venules

Question 27

Minute ventilation

Answer 27

Amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Question 28

Minute volume

Answer 28

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Question 29

Nasopharynx

Answer 29

Portion of the airway from nostrils to soft palate

Question 30

Oropharynx

Answer 30

Portion of the airway from the mouth and soft palate to the epiglottis

Question 31

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 31

Once an oxygen molecule binds with hemoglobin

Question 32

Patent airway

Answer 32

One that is open and not obstructed by blood secretions vomitus tissue and bone teeth or any substance

Question 33

Perfusion

Answer 33

Can be described as the delivery of oxygen glucose and other substances to the cells and elimination of waste products from the cells

Question 34

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 34

Located in the aortic arch and the carotid bodies in the neck

Question 35

Plasma oncotic pressure

Answer 35

Also known as colloid oncotic pressure or oncotic pressure is responsible for keeping fluid inside the vessels

Question 36

Respiratory control centers

Answer 36

3 types in brainstem : the dorsal respiratory group the ventral respiratory group and the pontine respiratory group

Question 37

Preload

Answer 37

The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (the resting phase of the cardiac cycle)

Question 38

Pontine respiratory center

Answer 38

Known as the pneumotaxic center sends inhibitory impulses to the vrg, to turn off the inhalation.

Question 39

Stretch receptors

Answer 39

Found in the smooth muscle of the airways and measure the size and volume of the lungs

Question 40

Stroke volume

Answer 40

Defined as the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction

Question 41

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Answer 41

Is the resistance that is offered to blood flow through a vessel

Question 42

Tidal volume (VT)

Answer 42

Is the volume of air breathed in with each individual breath

Question 43

Trachea

Answer 43

Extends downward and bifurcates at the carina

Question 44

Ventilation

Answer 44

Mechanical process that relies on changes in pressure inside the thorax to move air in and out of the lungs

Question 45

Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio

Answer 45

Describes the dynamic relationship between the amount of ventilation the alveoli receive and the amount of perfusion through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli

Question 46

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Answer 46

Column of neurons located in the anterior portion of the medulla