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Chemistry > Chapter 8: Acids and Bases > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Acids and Bases Flashcards

1
Q

Whatare acids?

A

Acids are substances that dissolve in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+, as the only positive ions.

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2
Q

What are the chemical properties of pure acids?

A

*The properties are due to the presence of H+ in the aqueous solution.

Pure acids exist as simple, covalent molecules with all the electrons used in bonding. When water is added, molecules react with the water to form mobile charged ions (ionisation), this is shown by the electrical conductivity of acids. Thus pure acids do not confuct electricity, or exhibit any acidic physical/chemical properties.

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3
Q

What are the chemical and physical properties of acids?

A
  • Taste sour
  • Corrosive when concentrated
  • Conduct electricity (when aqueous/dissolved in water)
  • Change colours of indicators (blue litmus to red)
  • ph < 7
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4
Q

List some common acids.

A
  • Hydrochloric acid, HCl: Stomach acid, cleaning metals, maintenance of pools, household cleaning
  • Nitric acid, HNO3: Manufacture of fertilisers, explosives, extraction of gold
  • Sulfuric acid, H2SO4: Car batteries, manufacture of fertilisers, detergents, ‘pickling’ of steel or iron to remove rust
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5
Q

What are acids able to react with?

A

Metals, carbonate salts and bases.

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6
Q

How to test for the presence of acids?

A

Indicators or pH meter, positive reactions with metals, carbonate salts and bases (gas is produced, bubbling seen)

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7
Q

Which metals can react with acids and why?

A

Only metals above [H] in the reactivity series can react with acids as a reactive metal can displace hydrogen from the acid to form a metal salt.

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8
Q

What is the equation for the reaction between acids and metals?

A

acid (aq) + metal (s) -> metal salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)

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9
Q

What are the conditions for a feasible reaction between an acid and metal?

A

It should produce a soluble metal salt. If an insoluble metal salt is produced, the reaction cannot proceed further due to layer of insoluble salt acting as a barrier to prevent acid reacting with the metal.

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10
Q

What is the test for hydrogen gas?

A

Lighted splint extinguishes with a ‘pop’ sound - H2 is explosive and reacts with air to produce ‘pop’ sound, water vapour produced extinguishes the lighted splint.

2H2 (g) + O2 -> 2H2O (g)

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11
Q

Why are group 1 metals unable to be reacted with acids?

A

Group 1 metals are too violent to be done safely in a normal lab environment.

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12
Q

What are the observations in a reaction between Ca, Pb, and acid?

A

Pb reacts very slowly (unless warmed), with acid.
However only feasible with Pb is nitric acid, HNO3.
As reactions produce insoluble salts, it stops quickly as the layer of salt prevents acid reaction with metal.

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13
Q

What are the observations seen when an acid and metal are reacted?

A

Metal seemingly dissolves (include speed depending on reactivity), clear, colourless solution produced, (include speed depending on reactivity) bubbling is seen (include reason for speed of bubbling due to reactivity), gas produced extinguishes lighted splint with a ‘pop’ sound.

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14
Q

What colours are Fe2+ and Fe3+?

A
  • Iron(II), Fe2+, is a green substance (pale green solution)
  • Iron(III), Fe3+, is a reddish-brown/yellow substance
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15
Q

What colour are copper solutions?

A

Blue solutions.

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16
Q

What is the equation between acids and carbonate salts?

A

acid (aq) + carbonate (s/aq) -> salt (aq) + carbon dioxide (g) + water (l)

17
Q

What is the test for presence of carbon dioxide?

A

White precipitate is formed in limewater. Acid reacts with the carbonate salt to produce CO2 which passes through the delivery tube into limewater. Co2 gas is acidic, while limewater, Ca(OH)2 is an alkali/base, neutralisation occurs, white precipitate is formed as resultant salt.

18
Q

What are the polyatomic ions?

A

OH^-
NO3^-
SO4^2-
CO3^2-
PO4^3-
NH4^+

19
Q

What are some carbonates?

A

Carbonates are all metal carbonate salts, except ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3 and group 1 metal carbonates are slightly alkaline in water

20
Q

What are the soluble carbonates and what colour and state are they?

A

SPA (sodium, potassium, ammonium) and group 1. All white crystals/clear and colourless solutions.

21
Q

What are the insoluble carbonates and what coloue and state are they?

A

White solid:
- Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
- Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3
- Barium carbonate, BaCO3
- Aluminium carbonate, Al2(CO3)3
- Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3
lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3

Other colours:
- Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3 - green solid
- Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3 - yellow-grey solid

22
Q

What are the conditions of a feasible reaction between an acid and carbonate?

A

Produces a soluble salt. If an insoluble salt is produced, the reaction cannot proceed further as a layer of insoluble salt will act as a barrier to prevent the acid from reacting with the substance

Chemistry (8 decks)

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