Chapter 8: Biodiversity Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
Taxonomy is a field in biology which involves the classification, ________ and naming of organisms in an _____ manner.
A
- identification
- organized
2
Q
Why is the classification and naming of organisms important?
A
In order to facilitate studies and discussions among scientists at an international level.
3
Q
What are the six kingdoms all organisms in the world can be categorised into?
A
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
- An Evening Pigeon Flew At Plaza
4
Q
What are the types of cells, number of cells and types of nutrition for the organisms from the six kingdoms?
A
Archaebacteria - prokaryote - Unicellular - Autotroph or Heterotroph Eubacteria - Prokaryote - Unicellular - Autotroph or Heterotroph Protista - Eukaryote - Unicellular or Multicellular - Autotroph or Heterotroph Fungi - Eukaryote - Uni or Multi - Heterotroph Plantae - Eukaryote - multi - autotroph Animalia - eukaryote - Uni or Multi - Heterotroph
5
Q
What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A
- Prokaryote is a type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
- Eukaryote is a type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
6
Q
What are heterotroph and autotroph?
A
- Heterotroph is an organism that cannot synthesis its own food but obtain food molecules by eating other organisms
- Autotroph is an organism that synthesise its own food from organic materials by using light and chemical energy
7
Q
Explain the characteristics and features of archaebacteria.
A
- pro and uni
- primitive bacteria
- cell walls with no peptidoglycan
- divided into 3 groups which are methanogen, halophile and thermophile
- Methanogen: anaerobic bacteria found in swamps and the digestive tract produces methane as a metabolic byproduct
- Halophile: in extremely high salt concentration places like the Dead Sea
- Thermophile: flourishes at an optimum temperature of 60-80 and is found in hot springs and highly acidic locations
- Ex: Sulfolobus sp. and Halobacterium
8
Q
Explain the characteristics and features of eubacteria.
A
- pro and uni
- known as “ true “ bacteria
- has cell walls with peptidoglycan which is also known as murein
- cytoplasm has ribosomes and plasmids but no membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria
- classified according to shape
- Ex: Streptococcus pneumonia and Vibrio cholerae
9
Q
Explain the characteristics and features of Protista.
A
- eu and uni or multi
- hetero or auto or both
- simple cell organisation without specialised tissue
- has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
- divided into 3 groups which are protozoa, algae and slime mould
- Ex. Protozoa: Euglena sp., Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.
- Ex. Algae: Chlamydomonas sp. and Spirogyra sp.
- Ex. slime mould: Physarum polycephalum
10
Q
Explain the characteristics and features of fungi.
A
- eu and uni or multi
- heterotrophs
- cell wall is made up of chitin
- body made up of a thread-like network of hyphae called the mycelium
- ex: Yeast and mushroom
11
Q
Explain the features of Plantae and Animalia.
A
Plantae - Eu and Multi - has chlorophyll - undergo sexual and asexual reproduction - Ex: seedless plants ( Fern ) and plants with seeds Animalia - eu and multi - heterotrophs - can move and reproduce sexually - invertebrate and vertebrate
12
Q
The hierarchy system used in taxonomy is ______ hierarchy system. It classifies organisms according to hierarchy, starting from _____ to _____.
A
- Linnaeus
- species
- domain
13
Q
Organisms in the same ____ have ____ characteristics. Organisms of the same ____ are capable of ________ among themselves to produce viable fertile offsprings.
A
- phylum
- mutual
- species
- interbreeding
14
Q
What is the 8 taxonomic rank?
A
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
15
Q
How do we write the scientific name of an organism based on the Linnaeus binomial system?
A
- has two words where the first word is the name of the genus while the second name is the name of the species
- first letter is capitalised
- all scientific names must be printed in italics
- if handwritten must be underlined separately
16
Q
A ______ key is a tool used by taxonomists to identity organisms based on ____ and differences. It is an ____ process. The traits chosen must be based on _____ and observable features. Overlapping traits must be ____.
A
- dichotomous
- similarities
- identification
- obvious
- avoided
17
Q
Biodiversity can be divided into 3 types which are:
A
- genetic diversity
- species diversity
- ecosystem diversity
18
Q
Explain genetic diversity.
A
- genes variation of an individual in a population and different populations of the same species
- individual isolation and adaptations cause differences in genes
- no 2 individuals of the same species are identical
- Ex: paddy where there are many varieties of cultivated rice
19
Q
Explain species diversity.
A
- the variation and variability of organisms
- includes the total number of species and the species distribution in a community
- Ex: tropical rainforests have large species diversities with around 5-10 million of insects species
20
Q
Explain ecosystem diversity.
A
- biotic community and ecological process in ecosystems of land and aquatic environments
- Ex: rich ecosystems can be found in the ocean and the desert
21
Q
What is phylogeny?
A
- the evolutionary history of a species or a group of organisms that are genetically linked
22
Q
In phylogenetic classification, classification is done using a _____ structure. That refers to a structure that can be observed across multiple organisms which ___ the same ______ even though the functions may ____. For example, the limbs of humans, cats, whales and bats share the same bone structure but differ greatly in ____ and ____.
A
- homologous
- share
- ancestor
- differ
- size
- length
23
Q
Microorganisms can be divided into 5 types which are:
A
- bacteria
- protozoa
- algae
- fungi
- virus
24
Q
Explain the characteristics of bacteria.
A
- prokaryote
- genetic materials in the form of chromosomal threads ( DNA ) free-floating inside the cytoplasm known as the nucleoid
- some have plasmid which carries extra genes
- range from 1 to 10 micrometer
- can exist as a single cell, diploid, filaments and chains
- exist in shapes like coccus, vibrio, bacillus and spirillum
- Ex: Lactobacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp.
25
Explain the characteristics of protozoa.
- animal-like unicellular microorganisms
- move using pseudopodia, cilia or flagellum
- found in aquatic habitats
- hetero or auto such as Euglena sp. which is an autotrophic protozoan
- can be free-living or parasitic
26
Explain the characteristics of algae.
- uni and multi
- move in water with flagellum
- have chloroplasts and are autotrophic
- live in ponds, lakes and ocean
27
Explain the characteristics of fungi.
- no chlorophyll and are heterotrophs, either parasites or saprophytic
- no roots or stems
- cell walls by chitin
- exist in the form of mycelium which is a thread-like network called hyphae
- uni or multi
- found in dark or moist places
28
Explain the characteristics of viruses.
- not included in any kingdoms because they are not cellular
- does not carry out life processes
- reproduce by injecting their genetic materials into host cells
- made up of nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and capsids from protein
- too small in size ( 20 - 400 micrometer ) and can only be seen through an electron microscope
- Ex: tobacco mosaic virus, T4 Bacteriophage and HIV.
29
Plants require nitrogen to _____ protein and this is obtained from the soil in the form of _____ ions and ____ ions. Thus, explain the process in the nitrogen cycle before the conversion into ions.
- synthesise
- ammonium
- nitrate
- nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives in the root nodules of legumes like Rhizobium sp. and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter sp. in the soil change it to ammonium ions via the nitrogen-fixing process
- lightning oxidises nitrogen to NO2 via the nitrogen-fixing process which dissolves in rainwater to produce nitrous acid and nitric acid
- fertilisers provide ammonium and nitrates in soil
- decomposition is carried out by bacteria and saprophytic fungi where body tissue breaks down into ammonium via ammonification
30
Explain the nitrogen-fixing process from the conversion of ions.
- ammonium ions are converted into nitrite ions via nitrification by the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas sp.
- nitrite ions then are converted into nitrate ions by Nitrobacter sp.
- nitrates will then be absorbed by plants to syntheise proteins
- the plants are eaten by animals and is transferred into animals' body tissues
- denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas through denitrification
31
What are the 4 roles of microorganisms?
- producers
- decomposers
- parasites
- symbionts
32
Explain microorganisms as producers and parasites.
Producers
- phytoplankton floating on the surface of aquatic surfaces
- Ex: green algae, blue-green algae ( cyanobacteria ), dinoflagellates and diatoms
- can undergo photosynthesis
Parasites
- parasite benefits from the relationship
- try not to kill their hosts
- Ex: Plasmodium sp. is a protozoa that lives inside the female Anopheles mosquito and transmits malaria into the blood circulatory system
33
Explain microorganisms as decomposers.
- saprophytic fungi and bacteria decompose organic materials and are known as decomposers
- break down complex organic materials into simple compounds such as ammonium
- secrete digestive enzymes into the decaying materials and absorb the products
- the products contain carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
34
Explain microorganisms as symbionts.
- an organism that has a close relationship with another organism
- two types which are ectosymbionts and endosymbionts
- ectosymbionts live outside the host cell like Ectomycorrhiza, a fungi which lives around plant roots
- endosymbionts live inside the host cells like Protozoa Trichonympha sp. which lives in the alimentary canals of termites
35
A pathogen is an organism which causes _____. For example, viruses, _____, protozoa and ____.
Vectors are organisms that ____ pathogens and cause ____ diseases.
- diseases
- bacteria
- fungi
- transmit
- certain
36
What are the examples of disease vectors?
- Vibrio cholerae is spread through flies ( cholera )
- dengue virus is transmitted through Aedes aegypti mosquito bites
- Salmonella typhi bacteria are transmitted through food and water that are contaminated by cockroaches
37
What are the viruses, examples of diseases and the symptoms of the diseases it causes?
- Virus - Hepatitis B - inflammation, swollen chest, yellowish skin and may cause fatalities
- Bacteria - Tuberculosis - weight loss, coughing blood and shortness of breath
- Protozoa - dysentery - stomach ache, diarrhoea and vomit
- Fungi - Tinea versicolour - whitish or pinkish patches on skin
