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Health Science > Chapter 8: Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cancer?

A

An abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells that if left untreated can cause death

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2
Q

Cancer is the 1st leading cause of death in Canada. True or False?

A

False, cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in Canada

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3
Q

What cancer kills the most men and women?

A

Lung cancer

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4
Q

What cancer has the most cases?

A

Prostate cancer

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5
Q

In 2008 worldwide, how many new cases of cancer were discovered?

A

12 million

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6
Q

In 2008 worldwide, how many deaths were caused by cancer?

A

7 million

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7
Q

In 2008 worldwide, how many people were living with cancer?

A

25 million

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8
Q

Cancer is the primary cause of death under the age of 65. True or false?

A

True

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9
Q

Why do statistics exclude some skin cancers?

A

Some skin cancers are excluded because they are easy to cure and easy to control and would inflate the stats if they were included.

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10
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cancer cells don’t stick together as cell as normal cells causing them to break off and spread to other parts of the body.

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11
Q

What are the stages of cancer? Describe them briefly.

A

0 - Early cancer, only present in the layer of cells where it originated
1,2,3 - More extensive cancer, higher stages based on tumor size and the degree of spread
4 - Advanced cancer that has spread to another organ

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12
Q

What is a tumor/neoplasm?

A

A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose

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13
Q

What a benign tumor?

A

A non-cancerous tumor made of cells similar to the cells around it

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14
Q

When does a benign tumor become dangerous?

A

When it blocks or inhibits a bodily function

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15
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

A cancerous tumor that is able to spread to other part of the body

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16
Q

Is cancer always in the form of tumors?

A

No, for example leukemia is cancer of the blood

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17
Q

Why might cancer take over the leading cause of death?

A

Although death rates are decreasing for cancer, heart disease death rates are decreasing at a faster rate, therefore cancer may become the leading cause of death

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18
Q

How many men and women were diagnosed with cancer in 2010?

A

men - 90 000

women - 83 900

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19
Q

List the four types of cancer.

A

Carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemia

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20
Q

What is carcinoma cancer?

A

The most common type of cancer rising from the epithelial cells (skin, glands, internal organ liner)

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21
Q

What is sarcoma cancer?

A

Cancer arising from connective/fibrous tissue (muscle, fat, membranes)

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22
Q

What is lymphoma cancer?

A

Cancer arising in the lymph nodes (bodies infection fighting system)

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23
Q

What is leukemia cancer?

A

Cancer arising from the bone marrow where blood-forming cells are found

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24
Q

What is an oncologist?

A

A specialist in the study of tumors

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25
What is a hematologist?
A specialist in the study of blood disorders, including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma
26
What are the risk factors related to getting lung cancer?
Smoking, being exposed to carcinogenics
27
What percentage of all new cancer diagnoses are lunch cancers?
14%
28
How is lung cancer detected?
Cough, chest pains, reoccurring bronchitis, chest x-ray
29
What is the 3rd most common cancer?
Colon/rectal cancer
30
What are the risk factors of getting colon/rectal cancer?
Age, heredity, type 2 diabetes, chronic bowel inflammation, pollups in the colon/rectum
31
How is colon/rectal cancer detected?
Bleeding from the rectum, change in bowel habits, blood in the stool
32
What is the most common cancer in women?
Breast cancer
33
What are the risk factors of getting breast cancer?
Genetics, early menstruation, late menopause, obesity, alcohol, not having children, estrogen levels
34
_/_ women will develop breast cancer, _/_ women will die from breast cancer
1/9, 1/28
35
How does the risk of breast cancer increase as women get older?
Between the ages of 30-45, the risk doubles every 5 years and then slowly increases after that
36
How is breast cancer detected?
mammogram, clinical breast exam, self exam, lumps, swelling, nipple pain, retraction
37
What cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death in men?
Prostate
38
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate
39
What are the risk factors for getting prostate caner?
Age, diet, type 2 diabetes, genetics
40
How is prostate cancer detected?
Blood in the urine, painful urination, abnormal urination, blood test, rectal exam, biopsy, ultrasound
41
List the three cancers of the female reproductive system.
Cervical cancer, uterine/endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer
42
How does a women develop cervical cancer?
Sexually transmitted HPV, herpes, smoking
43
How is cervical cancer detected?
PAP test
44
What is uterine/endometrial cancer?
Cancer on the wall of the uterus
45
What are risk factors for getting uterine/endometrial cancer?
Estrogen, early menstruation, late menopause, never being pregnant, obesity
46
What are the risk factors for developing ovarian cancer?
Aging, genetics, obesity, never being pregnant
47
Ovarian cancer is easy to detect. True or false?
False, ovarian cancer is usually very difficult to detect
48
What is most common form of cancer?
Skin cancer
49
What type of skin cancer is difficult to treat?
Melanoma, a malignant tumor on the outside of the skin
50
What are the risk factors for developing skin cancer?
UV radiation, severe sunburns as a child, genetics
51
What are the three types of skin cancers? Explain each briefly.
Basal cell (cancer in the deepest level of the skin), squamous cell (cancer on the surface level of skin), melanoma (tumor on the skin)
52
How is skin cancer detected?
Self examination for moles, spots, unusual growths
53
What are the risk factors of developing oral cancer?
Smoking, chewing tobacco
54
List come common causes of cancer.
Genetics, lifestyle, smoking, obesity, carcinogens
55
What is CAUTION? What does it stand for?
``` It's used to detect cancer. Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in the breasts or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness ```
56
How can cancer be prevented?
Varied diet, self-exams, being active, safe sex, healthy weight, sun protection, screening tests, eating fruits and vegetables
57
List the three most common ways to treat cancer. Describe each briefly.
Surgery (removal of the tumor), chemotherapy (drug cocktail the kills cancer cells), radiation (X-ray,gamma ray,)
58
Why is chemotherapy have so many side effects? What are the side effects?
It can also damage your cells. Side effects include hair loss, nausea, fatigue.
59
Why is radiation a common treatment if it kills all cells?
Cancer cells can be specifically targeted
60
What does POG stand for?
Personalized oncogenomics
61
Where is POG based out of?
British Columbia
62
How to people get chosen to participate in POG?
Patients have stage four cancer and must be a resident in British Columbia
63
What does POG do?
Scans the persons normal DNA sequence, then scans the persons tumor DNA sequence and finds the mutation in the DNA. All available medical treatments are researched for that mutation and given to that patient.
64
Does POG only handle cancer cases?
No, POG tried to treat a young boy who had a genetic disease that causes tumors to form on the nerve tissue

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