Chapter 8 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
2
Q
thoracic cavity
A
where heart is (AKA chest cavity)
3
Q
mediastinum
A
cavity in thoracic, between lungs, that holds heart
4
Q
pericardium
A
double-walled membrane surrounding heart
fibrous = external layer
serous = inner layer divided into parietal (lining wall) and epicardium (lining heart)
5
Q
pericardial fluid
A
fills pericardial space to prevent friction
6
Q
myocardium
A
thickest, middle layer of heart wall
7
Q
endocardium
A
inner layer lining heart chambers/valves
8
Q
coronary arteries
A
coron/o = crown
9
Q
coronary veins
A
remove waste from myocardium
10
Q
coronary occlusion
A
disrupting blood flow to myocardium
11
Q
ischemia
A
blood deficiency in an area
12
Q
necrosis
A
tissue death
13
Q
infarct/infarction
A
area of necrosis from ischemia (no blood in an area)
14
Q
atrium
A
craniodorsal chambers of heart
atria
atri/o
15
Q
interatrial septum
A
wall separating L and R atriums
16
Q
ventricles
A
caudoventral chambers of heart
ventricul/o
17
Q
interventricular septum
A
wall between L and R ventricles
18
Q
apex
A
narrow tip at base of heart
19
Q
valves
A
membranous fold, controls bloodflow to heart
valv/o
valvul/o
20
Q
right atrioventricular valve
A
AKA tricuspid valve
controls opening between right atrium and ventricle
21
Q
pulmonary semilunar valve
A
AKA pulmonary valve
controls blood entering lungs, between R ventricle and pulmonary artery
22
Q
left atrioventricular valve
A
AKA mitral AKA bicuspid
controls opening between L atrium and ventricle
23
Q
aortic semilunar valve
A
AKA aortic valve
controls blood entering arteries, between L ventricle and aorta
24
Q
cardiac output
A
volume of blood pumped by heart in unit time
25
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from ventricles during each heartbeat
26
sinoatrial node
wall of R atrium near entrance of superior vena cava
establishes rhythm, 'pacemaker'
27
Purkinje fibers
work with SA node to pacemake
28
systole
contraction
29
inotropy
force of contraction
30
atrioventricular node
in interatrial septum
conducts impulses more slowly than SA node, pause allows ventricles to fill with blood
31
bundle of His
in interventricular septum, carries impulse through ventricular muscle
32
sinus rhythm
normal heartbeat
33
arrhythmia/dysrhythmia
abnormal rhythm
34
diastole
expansion
35
electrocardiogram
record of electrical activity of myocardium
36
palpitation
pounding heartbeat
37
fibrillation
rapid random heartbeat
38
flutter
rapid but regular
39
bradycardia
slow heartbeat
40
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat
41
paroxysm
sudden convulsion
42
normal sinus arrhythmia
irregular heart rhythm from respiration
43
asystole
flat line on ECG
44
syncope
temporary suspension of respiration and circulation
45
gallop
low-frequency vibration during diastole
46
preload
volume of blood entering R side of heart
47
afterload
empyting from aortic pressure
48
electrocardiography
process of recording electrical activity of myocardium
49
leads
conductors in electrocardiography that detect variations in electric potential
50
stetho-
chest
51
heart murmur
abnormal sound from turbulent flow of blood
52
holosystolic/pansystolic
mumurs occurring during entire ventricular contraction
holo-/pan- = all
53
stenosis
narrowing
54
thrill
murmurs felt as vibration on chest
55
angi/o
vas/o
vessel
56
lumen
opening in vessel
57
vasoconstrictors
things that narrow a vessel
58
vasodilators
things that widen a vessel
59
hilus
depression where vessels and nerves enter organ
60
artery
blood vessel that carries blood away from heart
arteri/o
61
aorta
main trunk of arterial system
aort/o
62
celiac artery
supports liver, stomach, spleen
celi/o
63
renal arteries
supply kidneys
64
ovarian arteries
supply ovaries/testicles
65
subclavian artery
under collarbone
66
arterioles
small branches of arteries
arter/i
67
-ole
small
68
capillaries
single-cell thick vessels connecting arteries and veins
69
perfusion
blood flow through tissues
70
capillary refill time (CRT)
indicates perfusion (blood flow)
71
venules
connect capillaries, tiny blood vessels
72
veins
return blood to heart, low pressure
73
ven/o
phleb/o
veins
74
jugular vein
drains head/neck area
75
femoral vein
drains legs
76
renal veins
drain kindeys
77
azygous vein
single vein that drains chest wall
zygon = pair
a = without
78
blood pressure
tension exerted by blood on arterial walls
79
viscosity
resistance to flow
80
pulse
expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure
81
sphygmomanometer
measure blood pressure
82
sphygm/o
pulse
83
man/o
pressure
84
-meter
device
85
systolic pressure
occurs when ventricles contract, highest towards troke output of L ventricle
86
diastoli pressure
occurs when ventricles relax
87
tensi/o
pressure/tension
88
antihypertensives
drugs that lower blood pressure
89
angiocardiography
radiographic study of blood vessels and heart using contract material
90
angiography
radiographic study of blood vessels after injection of radiopaque material
91
cardiac catheterization
radiographic study where catheter is passed into vessel and guided into heart to detect pressures
92
echocardiography
evaluating heart structures using sound waves
ech/o = sound
93
doppler echocardiography
difference in frequency b/w sound waves and echoes to measure velocity of moving object
94
electrocardiography
recording electrical activity of heart
electrocardiograph = machine that records
electrocardiogram = record of (ECG)
95
holter monitor
24hr ECG that records onto tape
96
radiography
imaging objects using X-rays
results in radiograph (exception to -gram/-graph, normally a -graph is the machine not the result)
97
atherosclerosis
hardening + narrowing of arteries
ather/o = plaque
98
atrial septal defect
opening in wall dividing R and L atria
99
cardiac tamponade
compression of heart due to fluid in pericardial sac
100
cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle
hypertrophic = growth of L ventricle
dilated = thin L ventricle
congestive
101
congestive heart failure
insufficient cardiac output to meet body's needs (CHF)
102
congestion
accumulation of fluid
103
edema
accumulation of fluid intercellulary
104
ascites
fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity
105
pleural effusion
abnormal fluid accumulation between membrane layers on lungs
106
cor pulmonale
alterations in structure of R ventricle by pulmonary hypertension
cor = heart
pulmon/o = lung
107
dirofilariosis
heart worm infection
microfilariae = larvae
108
caval syndrome
obstruction of blood flow to vena cava from heavy heartworm infection
109
prophylactic/prophylaxis
preventative medicine
110
adulticide
kills adult heart worms
microfilaricide = kills larvae
111
embolus
foreign object (clot, air, tissue) ciculating blood
112
embolism
vessel blocked by foreign object
113
endocarditis
inflammation of endocardium
114
heart block
interference with electrical conduction of heart
115
hemangioma
benign tumor made of newly formed vessels
116
hematoma
collection of blood
117
hypercapnia
high levels of carbon dioxide -> low oxygen (hypoxia)
can cause cyanosis (blue skin)
118
hypocapnia
low levels of carbon dioxide
119
infarct
localized area of necrosis from interrupted blood supply
120
ischemia
defiency in blood
isch/o = hold back
121
mitral stenosis
narrowing of mitral valve opening
122
mitral valve insufficiency
inability of L atrioventricular valve to perform
123
mitral valve prolapse
protrusion of L atrioventricular valve
124
myocarditis
myocardium inflammation
125
occlusion
vessel blockage
126
patent ductus arteriosus
persistence of fetal communication b/w L pulmonary artery + aorta that should close after birth
127
pulmonic stenosis
narrowing of opening b/w pulmonary artery + R ventricle
128
regurgitation
backflow of blood from imperfect closure of valves
129
shock
inadequate tissue perfusion
resuscitation = restoration of life
130
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital cyanotic cardiac with 4 defects
131
thromboembolism
blocking of vessel from a part that has broken away from clot site
132
thrombus
blood clot attached to interior wall of vein/artery
133
thrombosus
clot in vessel
134
anticoagulants
prevent clotting
135
ventricular septal defect
opening in wall dividing L and R ventricles, blood can shunt between them w/out being oxygenated
136
shunt
bypass
137
angioplasty
repair of blood vessels
138
transluminal
procedure done through opening vessel
139
percutaneous
procedure done through skin
140
angiorrhaphy
suture of vessel
141
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of artery
arteriotomy = incision
142
central venous pressure
tension exerted by blood in cranial vena cava
143
defibrillation
electrical shock to restore heart rhythm
144
hemostasis
control of bleeding
145
stent
expander placed in vessel to prevent collapse
146
ransfusion
introducing blood or blood components to recipient
147
valvotomy
incision in valve
