Chapter 8 Categorical Syllogisms Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 8 Categorical Syllogisms Deck (18)
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Q

Categorical syllogism

A

An argument that contains three categorical statements: the statements contain three different terms altogether, each statement contains two different terms, and no two statements contains the same two terms.

1
Q

Axiom system

A

An organized collection of propositions in which some statements (called theorems) are deducted from others (called axioms) on the basis of definitions and strict deductive reasoning.

2
Q

counterexample

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a circumstance in which the premises of an argument are true while the conclusion is false.

3
Q

Distributed term

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a term within a categorical statement is said to be distributed is the statement makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term.

4
Q

Figure of a categorical syllogism

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A specification of the pattern of the placement, inside the syllogism, of the syllogisms middle term. Four possible patterns exist, resulting in four possible figures.

Figure 1- middle term appears in the major premise as the subject term and in the minor premise, as the subject term.

Figure 2- middle term appears as predicate in both premises

Figure 3- middle term appears as subject in both premises

Figure 4- middle term appears as predicate in the major premise and as the subject term in the minor premise.

5
Q

formally invalid argument

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an argument that displays an invalid form

6
Q

formally valid argument

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an argument that displays a valid form

7
Q

logical form of a categorical syllogism

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the syllogism’s general logical structure, expressed by listing the syllogism’s mood and figure.

8
Q

major premise

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the premise containing the major term.

9
Q

major term

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the conclusion’s predicate term

10
Q

middle term

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the term pairing both the premises (and thus not listed in the conclusion)

11
Q

minor premise

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the premise containing the minor term

12
Q

mood of the categorical syllogism

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something that is specified by listing in order the type (AEIO) of each syllogism’s statements when it is expressed in standard form.

13
Q

Perfect syllogism

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a syllogism in the first figure that is self-evidently valid.

14
Q

Proof by contradiction

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proving a syllogistic form valid by showing that we contradict ourselves if we suppose that an instance of the corm could have true premises with a false conclusion.

15
Q

Proof by reduction

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Proving an argument form valid by reducing it to a perfect syllogism.

16
Q

standard form

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a categorical syllogism in which the major premise is written first, the minor premise second, and the conclusion last.

17
Q

Valid argument form

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An argument form all of whose instances are valid.