chapter 8 - cell structure and function

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

basic unit of life

Question 2

cell theory

Answer 2

cells make up all living things; all cells come from other cells

Question 3

eukaryote

Answer 3

type of cell with many organelles and DNA in a nucleus; usually multicellular with exception of yeast

Question 4

prokaryote

Answer 4

type of cell which is very simple and the DNA is stored as chromatin in the cytoplasm; usually unicellular (e.g. bacteria, protists, and algae)

Question 5

organelle

Answer 5

literally means “little organ;” has specific function in a cell

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

main office of cell, contains DNA in either chromatin (messy) or chromosomes (neat X shape)

Question 7

ribosome

Answer 7

organelle that is the main main site for protein synthesis; made from protein and rRNA; found in cytoplasm or attacked to rough ER

Question 8

rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

Answer 8

organelle that manages proteins; extends from nuclear envelope to cytoplasm

Question 9

cytoplasm

Answer 9

“nothing” space in cell, a fluid outside of the nucleus

Question 10

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

Answer 10

organelle that works with lipids; help with detoxifying drugs

Question 11

golgi apparatus

Answer 11

organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER

Question 12

vacuole

Answer 12

organelle that stores water, salts, proteins, and carbs

Question 13

lysosome

Answer 13

organelle that cleans the cell by using enzymes to breakdown materials

Question 14

cytoskeleton

Answer 14

organelle that supports and gives structure to the cell

Question 15

chloroplast

Answer 15

organelle that uses sunlight to create food

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

organelle that uses food to create ATP

Question 17

cell wall

Answer 17

strong, supporting layer of cell that gives structure to plant cells

Question 18

cell membrane

Answer 18

lipid bilayer that regulates what enters/exits the cell; selectively permeable membrane

Question 19

centriole

Answer 19

organelle that assists in cell splitting in animal cells

Question 20

homeostasis

Answer 20

stable relatively constant internal conditions of an organisms

Question 21

aquaporin

Answer 21

water channeling protein in a cell

Question 22

diffusion

Answer 22

particles move from low concentration to high concentration

Question 23

facilitated diffusion

Answer 23

diffusion across cell membrane via a channel/carrier protein

Question 24

osmosis

Answer 24

facilitated diffusion of water across an SPM

Question 25

isotonic solution

Answer 25

the solution a cell is in has equal solute concentration as inside of the cell

Question 26

hypotonic solution

Answer 26

the solution a cell is in has more solutes, causing the free waters wanting to leave the cell and hydrate the solutes in the solution

i.e. cell = [low solute] solution = [high solute]

Question 27

hypertonic solution

Answer 27

the solution a cell is in has fewer solutes than in the cell, causing the free water to enter the cell to hydrate the solutes

i.e. cell = [high solute] solution = [low solute]

Question 28

active transport diffusion

Answer 28

diffusion that goes against concentration gradient; requires ATP (e.g. endocytosis and exocytosis)

Question 29

multicellular levels of organization

Answer 29

cells -> tissue -> organs -> organ system

Question 30

cellular communication

Answer 30

cells communicate in a multicellular organism via receptors