Chapter 8: Cells and Transport

Question 1

What is the cell wall?

Answer 1

The cell wall is used to support and protect the plants cell; it stops the cell from bursting when it is turgid.

Question 2

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

Answer 2

It is used to store food, water and waste in plant cells.

Question 3

What is a lysosome?

Answer 3

It is a special type of vacuole that breaks down old cell parts and large molecules. It is only found in animal cells.

Question 4

What is the ER?

Answer 4

Aka endoplasmic reticulum. It is used for the transport of chemicals and proteins within cells.

Question 5

What is the function of the Golgi?

Answer 5

The Golgi modifies proteins to make them functional and transports proteins within cells.

Question 6

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 6

It is the support structure within cells, made up of proteins.

Question 7

Name the differences between onion cells and cheek cells.

Answer 7

Onion cells are regular in shape, tesselate and have thicker edges due to a cell wall, whilst cheek cells are irregular in shape.

Question 8

Describe growth and development.

Answer 8

An increase in number of cells in an organism.

Question 9

What is diffusion?

Answer 9

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.

Question 10

How does concentration gradient affect the diffusion rate?

Answer 10

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

Question 11

How does diffusion distance affect the diffusion rate?

Answer 11

The longer the diffusion distance, the slower the rate of diffusion.

Question 12

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 12

The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion.

Question 13

How does temperature affect the diffusion rate?

Answer 13

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 14

How does size affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 14

Having a small SA/V ratio causes the rate of diffusion to be slower.

Question 15

What is osmosis?

Answer 15

The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a selectively-permeable membrane.

Question 16

Name a difference between bacteria and viruses.

Answer 16

Bacteria have various organelles, whereas viruses don’t.

Question 17

What does it mean to have no net movement?

Answer 17

When there is an equal concentration of molecules there is no net movement.

Question 18

When plotting a graph in biology, what should I remember?

Answer 18

1. Independent variable goes on the x-axis.
2. Dependent variable goes on the y-axis
3. Bar graph if you have categorical data, but a line graph if you have discrete or continuous data.
4. Join the dots with straight lines.

Question 19

Nerve cell

Answer 19

Function: transmission of nervous stimuli
Adaptation: very long axon, makes neurotransmitter

Question 20

Ciliated cell

Answer 20

Function: eg. clearing of airways
Adaptation: cilia that beat back and forth to move material

Question 21

Sperm cell

Answer 21

Function: fertilisation of egg
Adaptation: tail for movement, many mitochondria, acrosome with enzymes to digest egg membrane, genetic information

Question 22

egg cell

Answer 22

Function: fertilisation
Adaptation: large and bulky, contains food for developing embryo, genetic information

Question 23

RBC

Answer 23

Function: transport of oxygen
Adaptation: contains haemoglobin, no nucleus

Question 24

WBC

Answer 24

Function: destruction of pathogens
Adaptation: different purposes

Question 25

muscle cell

Answer 25

Function: contraction
Adaptation: long and flexible, lots of mitochondria

Question 26

fat cell

Answer 26

Function: store fat
Adaptation: little cytoplasm, few mitochondria, can expand

Question 27

rods and cones

Answer 27

Function: photoreception - vision
Adaptation: contrain visual pigment, many mitochondria, synapse that transmits signal to optic nerve

Question 28

skin cell

Answer 28

Function: protection, heat regulation
Adaptation: pigments to absorb UV, hair for insulation

Question 29

palisade cells

Answer 29

Function: photosynthesis
Adaptation: lots of chloroplasts, tightly packed, elongated

Question 30

root hair cell

Answer 30

Function: uptake of water and minerals
Adaptation: have root hair, large permanent vacuole, close to xylem

Question 31

guard cell

Answer 31

Function: control opening and closing of stomata
Adaptation: can take up and release water by osmosis to open and close stomata, thickened cell wall