Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology Exam 3 > Chapter 8 - Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Water is lost through what organs?

A
  • Kidneys
  • GI
  • Skin
  • Lungs (breathing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Water intake from food and liquid is absorbed in the ________?

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______ increases with fever?

A

Metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osmotic/Osmolarity refers to what?

A

Water!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Compulsive Water drinking is called what?

A

Psychogenic Polydipsia

Drink large amounts of water and excrete large amounts of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inadequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone in the body or failure of the kidneys to respond to the antidiuretic hormone is called what?

A

Diabetes insipidous (DI)

All the body is doing is constantly getting rid of urine and they are retaining nothing, leading to dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the MOST IMPORTANT thing to do in someone with Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Weigh patient daily!!

NOT subjective data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SIADH?

A
  • Water retention (w/o edema)
  • Decreased urine output
  • Decreased serum osmolarity
  • Hyponatremia
  • Increased urine osmolarity
  • Increased urine specific gravity >1.030
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality will you be sure to monitor in someone with SIADH?

A

Hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fluid Deficit - Hypovolemia signs and symptoms?

A
  • Thirst
  • Decreased skin turgor
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Sunken eyeballs
  • Depressed fontanel
  • Hypotension
  • Weak, rapid pulse

(EARLY: tachycardia, tachypenia)
(LATE: low BP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fluid Volume Excess - Hypervolemia signs & symptoms?

A
  • Edema
  • Full, bounding pulse
  • Hypertension
  • Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)
  • Pulmonary edema (severe)
  • Decreased Hematocrit
  • Decreased BUN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________ controls excitability of nerve and muscle cells?

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyponatremia?

A

Low sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_______ regulates the ECF volume?

A

Sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fluid is primarily lost how?

A
  • Urine
  • GI
  • Sweat glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_________ controls contractility of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hyponatremia is considered sodium levels less than what?

A

<135mEg/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

90-95% of Sodium is located in the ____?

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most common type of Hyponatremia?

A

Hypotonic (dilutional) hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypotonic hyponatremia is caused by what?

A

Water retention (this dilutes the sodium level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of Hyponatremia causes both water and sodium to be lost; but water exceeds the associated sodium lost?

A

Hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes of Hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia?

A
  • Excessive sweating

- Heavy exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two different types of Hyponatremia?

A
  • Hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

- Hypertonic hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia?
``` EARLY signs - edema - muscle cramps - weakness - fatigue LATE signs (ALL Neurological) - apathy - lethargy - headache - disorientation - gross motor dysfunction ```
26
Hypernatremia is considered a sodium level of what?
Sodium level >145mEq/L
27
Hypernatremia can also be considered __________?
Dehydration
28
What is Hypernatremia?
To much sodium, NOT enough water
29
Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia?
``` EARLY - thirst - decrease urine output and urine osmolarity - tachycardia LATE - hypotension - decreased reflexes - agitation - headache - restlessness ```
30
_________ is found abundantly in the body?
Chloride
31
Chloride is found where in the body?
extracellular fluid
32
Chloride helps to maintain what?
- water balance | - acid-base balance
33
Normal Potassium levels?
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
34
Potassium is normally derived from where?
dietary sources
35
Plasma potassium is regulated through what two mechanisms?
- Renal mechanisms that conserve or eliminate potassium | - A transcellular shift between the ICF and ECF compartments
36
Hypokalemia typically results from what?`
``` Inadequate intake (diet deficient in K+) ```
37
Hypokalemia is a potassium level of what?
<3.5 mEq/L
38
Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia?
- postural hypotension (most common) - weak, thready, irregular pulse - polyuria - nausea/vomiting - abdominal distention - weakness - muscle cramps - thirst - paresthesias - confusion - depression - metabolic alkalosis - ECG changes
39
What are types of ECG changes seen in Hypokalemia?
- Depressed ST segment - Low T wave - Prominent U wave - Ventricular tachycardia - Ventricular fibrillation - Cardiac arrest
40
IV potassium causes patient to feel what when if is infused?
BURNING! | * Usually give lidocaine or fluids with it
41
Hyperkalemia is defined as what? | (Lab value)
Potassium >5.0 mEq/L
42
Most common cause of Hyperkalemia?
Decreased renal elimination
43
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia?
- Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea (N/V/D) - Abdominal cramps - Weakness - Dizziness - Muscle Cramps - Neuromuscular excitability (with K+ > 6.0 mEq/L) ECG changes
44
ECG changes seen with Hyperkalemia?
- peaked and narrow T waves - wide QRS segment - ventricular tachycardia - ventricular fibrillation - cardiac arrest
45
In regards to Hyperkalemia; What decreases the excitability of the heart?
- Calcium chloride or gluconate
46
what are the major cations (+) in the body?
- calcium - phosphorus - magnesium
47
What is Hypocalcemia?
Low calcium levels
48
Hypocalcemia is calcium levels of ______?
< 8.5 mEq/L
49
Causes of Hypocalcemia?
- Liver and Kidney disease - Malabsorption - Hypothyroidism - Renal failure - Hypoparathyroidism - Acute pancreatitis
50
Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia?
* ALL NEUROMUSCULAR* - paresthesias - muscle cramps - abdominal cramps/spasms - hyperactive reflexes - tetany - hypotension - cardiac insufficiency - EKG changes - bone pain - Chvostek sign (facial spasms) - Trousseau sign (BP cuff and spasm)
51
Lab values that indicate Hypercalcemia?
Calcium levels >10.5 mg/dL
52
Signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia?
- polyuria - thirst - muscle weakness - Ataxia - lethargy - hypertension - nausea/vomiting - EKG changes
53
Phosphorus and Calcium do what ?
Go in opposite directions! | Ex: Increase Ca+/ decrease K+
54
Causes of Hypophosphatemia?
- Antacids - Severe diarrhea - lack of vitamin D - Diabetic ketoacidosis - Alcoholism - Hyperparathyroidism
55
Hypophosphatemia Manifestations?
- tremor - ataxia - paresthesias - confusion - muscle weakness - bone pain - platelet dysfunction - impaired white count
56
what lab values indicate Hyperphosphatemia?
Serum phosphorus levels > 4.5 mg/dL
57
Hyperphosphatemia Manifestations?
- paresthesia - tetany - hypotension - cardiac arrhythmias
58
__________ is essential for cellular energy metabolism?
Magnesium
59
What is the range for normal Magnesium levels
1.6 mg/dL to 2.4 mg/dL
60
Magnesium is absorbed from the ________?
intestines
61
Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what? | (Lab value wise)
Magnesium level <1.6 mg/dL
62
Hypomagnesemia Manifestations?
- Personality changes - Choreiform movements - nystagmus - tetany - positive Babinski - Chvostek - Trousseau signs - Tachycardia - Hypertension - Ventricular disrhythmias
63
Lab value that indicates Hypermagnesemia?
Serum magnesium levels > 2.4 mg/dL
64
Hypermagnesemia Manifestations?
- Lethargy - Hyporeflexia - Confusion - Hypotension - Cardiac Dysrhythmias - Cardiac arrest

Pathophysiology Exam 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions