Chapter 8: Ethnic And Racialized Groups

Question 1

What is racialization?

Answer 1

The way in which others classify people by visible characteristics such as hair colour, hair type, skin colour, and facial features.

Question 2

What is ethnicity?

Answer 2

The membership in a group or category of people who share a national tradition, language, or cultural heritage.

Question 3

What is an ethnic group?

Answer 3

People who share a common homeland, language, or culture.

Question 4

What are the four related dimensions that characterize ethnic groups?

Answer 4

1. Share a homeland or ancestry
2. Share a history with key historical events and a collective memory
3. Share an identity with similar traditions, customs, and symbols
4. Feel they belong and think others see them as belonging

Question 5

What is racism?

Answer 5

Discrimination, prejudice, or antagonism directed against someone of a different ethnicity or racialized group based on the belief that one’s own racialized identity is superior.

Question 6

What is double-consciousness?

Answer 6

Coined by W.E.B. Du Bois, an explanation of how the idea of ones own self was through two lens:
1. Through the individual, what they saw themselves as
2. Through society, what they were aware society had seen of them apart of their own personal identities

Question 7

What is the color-blind ideology?

Answer 7

That we must have an absence of racial context for equality. To reject categories, record keeping, and to not address differences within ourselves.

Question 8

What are the key areas of society where structural racism is dynamic?

Answer 8

1. Housing
2. Education
3. Mass media
4. Wealth/jobs
5. Criminal justice

Question 9

What is redlining?

Answer 9

To rate certain neighbourhoods with a colour rating for which residences are suitable to qualify for loans. The basis of the rating was based on the predominant race within the community. The worst rating was given to neighbourhoods where any black people lived.

Question 10

What is a racialized minority?

Answer 10

Includes those who are treated in a particular way because of their physical features and the qualities those features are assumed to represent. Racialization is directed towards those who have features distinct from the majority group that holds social power in a society.

Question 11

What is an ethnic enclave?

Answer 11

An area with high concentration of residents having a particular ethnicity or set of related ethnicities, with a distinct culture and defined boundary.

Question 12

What is white supremacy?

Answer 12

The belief that the white “race” is superior to all others, particularly in culture and intelligence. (As race is not biologically rooted, it is only a term)

Question 13

What is the functionalist approach to racialization?

Answer 13

Socially cohesive groups are formed by shared identities. Examples include those who have gained identity through shared histories and experiences of history and racialization.

Question 14

What os Georg Simmel’s perspective on racialization?

Answer 14

Described the relevance of affiliation in distinct social groups as a key characteristic of the structure of society.

Question 15

What is affiliation?

Answer 15

Belonging to a social group with named social boundaries and a set of fixed behavioural expectations.

Question 16

What is the conflict theorist’s approach to racialization?

Answer 16

Highlights how dominant groups benefit more than racialized groups from differentiation, as differentiation often provides advantages to dominant gorups. Majority groups seek to dominate minorities because this can provide advantages.

Question 17

What are stereotypes?

Answer 17

Widely held beliefs about a social group that are overly simplistic and often untrue as a generalized statement that cannot be reasonably applied to a whole population.

Question 18

What is critical race theory (CRT)?

Answer 18

A theory that views racialization as a performance and social construction rather than a reflection of innate…

Question 19

What is the symbolic interactionist’s approach to racialization?

Answer 19

Examines how interactions with others shape our sense of self and provides the basis for learning the meanings of language, images, and abstract symbolism.

Question 20

What is racialized or “ethnic” socialization?

Answer 20

Explains the process by which we learn to evaluate people according to the presumed racialized or ethnic differences.

Question 21

What is ethnic solidarity?

Answer 21

A process in which members of self-conscious communities interact with one another to achieve common purposes. Similarly to functionalism.

Question 22

What are third culture kids (TCK)?

Answer 22

A label applied for children who have been socialized into a culture different from the one their parents were socialized into, which commonly occurs in immigrant households.

Question 23

What is code-switching?

Answer 23

Explains a situation in which a speaker effortlessly switches to a different language, dialect, class, and often culture.

Question 24

What is the feminist approach to racialization?

Answer 24

Focuses on speaking for equal rights for women and other marginalized groups, including those of racialized and ethnic minority groups.

Question 25

What does social distance mean?

Answer 25

Refers to the perceived extent to which social groups are isolated from one another, measured by factors such as whether a member of one social class, racialized group, or ethnicity would be welcomed in the meeting place of another social class, racialized group, or ethnicity.

Question 26

What is tolerance?

Answer 26

The idea that people from different ethnic and racialized backgrounds can come together in a single nation-state and show high levels of trust.

Question 27

What is homophily?

Answer 27

A relationship joining actors who have the same or similar attributes or statuses.

Question 28

What are the three core elements of tolerance?

Answer 28

1. Cognitive: A willing ability to reflect on inclusion and discrimination 2. Evaluative: A sense that minority gorups can make a positive contribution 3. Political: A readiness to welcome additional immigrants and help them settle

Question 29

What is a diaspora?

Answer 29

The scattering of any group of people.

Question 30

What are the three dimensions to a diaspora?

Answer 30

1. Dispersion, which communities are separated by national borders. 2. Homeland orientation, where communities are oriented towards a distance homeland. 3. Boundary maintenance, in which communities are cohesive and exclude outsiders.

Question 31

What is institutional racism?

Answer 31

A form of racism expressed in the practices of social and political institutions.

Question 32

What is expressed racism?

Answer 32

Explicit discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their racialization or ethnicity.

Question 33

What is internalized racism?

Answer 33

The conscious or unconscious acceptance of racist attitudes, including stereotypes and biases, towards members of one’s own ethnic group, including oneself.

Question 34

What is prejudice?

Answer 34

A negative or hostile attitude towards members of another group.

Question 35

What is discrimination?

Answer 35

Distinctions, exclusions, and preferential treatment based on an arbitrary trait that risks a person’s human rights and basic freedoms.

Question 36

What is racial profiling?

Answer 36

The practice of racializing people and using their appearance and assumed background to predict their engagement in criminal activities.

Question 37

What is scientific racism and eugenics>

Answer 37

Scientific racism emerged at the intersection of evolutionary science and the notion that northern European or white “races” are superior to all others. Eugenics is the selective mating of individuals with specific desirable hereditary traits. Such as the forced sterilization of Indigenous women which still occurs today.

Question 38

What are microaggressions?

Answer 38

Daily interactions with subtle, indirect, or unintentional discrimination at their root. Such as asking someone who appears ethnically diverse as where they are really from, asking to touch a person’s hair with a specific hair type, or assuming an Asian-appearing student is skilled at mathematics. Some happen to be rooted in damaging stereotypes.

Question 39

What is post-colonialism?

Answer 39

Used to describe a theoretical framework that seeks to understand the ways in which power is exercised in relationships between colonizing and colonized societies. Interested in power dynamics that are produced as a result of colonialism and how these dynamics play out in various fields including politics, economics, and culture.

Question 40

What is Franz Fanon’s argument on race?

Answer 40

Argued that race is not biological, but a historically constructed phenomenon and culturally mediated artifact.

Question 41

What is the practice of orientalism?

Answer 41

Orientalizing a population indicates to assign a population with qualities that are undesirable or worthy of rejection.