Chapter 8: Human Development Flashcards by AJ Umali

Study of changes in people from conception to death

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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Research Designs:

One group followed and assessed as they age (at different times)

LONGITUDINAL DESIGN

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Research Designs:

Several different age groups are studied at one time

CROSS - SECTIONAL DESIGN

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Research Designs:

Two groups different age followed for a while

CROSS - SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

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Influence of inherited characteristics

NATURE

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Influence of environment

NURTURE

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Science of inherited traits

GENETICS

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Molecule that contains genetic material

DNA

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Section of DNA with same arrangement of chemical elements

GENE

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Strand of genetic material of DNA

CHROMOSOME

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Gene that actively controls expression of trait

DOMINANT TRAIT

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Only influences the expression of trait

RECESSIVE TRAIT

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Born without the ability to breakdown phenylalanine

PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

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Disease of the respiratory and digestive tracts

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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Blood disorder

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

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Fatal Neurological disorder

TAY-SACHS DISORDER

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Extra chromosome

21st

DOWN SYNDROME

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23rd = XXY

KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME

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Lone X chromosome

short, infertile, sexually underdeveloped

TURNER’S SYNDROME

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Prenatal Development:

Egg (ovum) unite with the sperm resulting to _

FERTILIZATION

ZYGOTE

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Prenatal Development:
1 to 2 weeks after fertilization
Zygote moves to uterus and begins to implant lining
Placenta and umbilical cord develop

GERMINAL STAGE

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Prenatal Development:
2-8 weeks
Heart and digestive system begin to develop
Critical period

EMBRYONIC STAGE

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Any factor that can cause a birth defect

TERATOGENS

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Prenatal Development:
8 weeks after conception until birth
Fetus
Muscles begin to contract during 3rd month

FETAL STAGE

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Infancy and Development: At birth 🌬💉🌡🚽

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTION BLOOD CIRCULATION BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATED DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STARTS TO WORK

Infancy and Development: | Reflexes for survival (5)

``` GRASPING SUCKING STARTLE (MORO REFLEX) STEPPING ROOTING (Turning head looking for nipple) ```

``` Infancy and Development: Sensory ✋🏻👃🏻👅 👂🏻 👀 ```

TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE (Most well developed) HEARING (functional but not well developed) SIGHT (least developed)

Infancy and Development: Raising head and chest Rolling over

2 to 5 months

Infancy and Development: | Sitting with support

4 to 6 months

Infancy and Development: | Sitting up without support

6 to 7 months

Infancy and Development: | Crawling

7 to 8 months

Infancy and Development: | Walking

8 to 18 months

The development if thinking, problem solving and memory

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Cognitive Development: | Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher

JEAN PIAGET

Cognitive Development: | A mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events

SCHEMES

Cognitive Development: | First try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess

ASSIMILATION

Cognitive Development: | Process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new info and experiences

ACCOMODATION

Piaget's Four Stage Theory: Birth to 2 years Children explore using senses and ability to move Sense of Objective Permanence (Knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight)

STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR

Piaget's Four Stage Theory: 2 to 7 years Developing language and concepts Can ask questions and explore surroundings

STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL

Everything that move is alive and real

ANIMISM

Disability to see the world through other's eyes

EGOCENTRISM

Changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature

CONSERVATION ISSUES

Focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant issues

CENTRATION

Unable to mentally reverse items

IRREVERSIBILITY

Piaget's Four Stage Theory: 7 to 12 years Logical and rational thinking starts Abstract VS Concrete concepts

STAGE 3: CONCRETE

Capable of decentration and reversibility

CONSERVATION

``` Piaget's Four Stage Theory: 12 years to adulthood Abstractions and Analogies become possible What if Critical thinking becomes developed ```

STAGE 4: FORMAL

Attachment between infant and caregiver

AINSWORTH'S STRANGE SITUATION

Importance of Social Interaction Scaffolding ZPD

LEV VGOTSKY

Difference between what the child can do alone and what the child can do with a help of a teacher

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT | ZPD

Father of Modern Linguists | Stages of Language Development (Cooing, Babbling, Holophrases, Telegraphic Speech, Whole Sentences)

NOAM CHOMSKY

German American developmental psychologist | Psychosocial Stages of Development (8)

ERIK ERIKSON

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Infant Fulfillment of basic needs

STAGE 1: TRUST VS MISTRUST

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Toddler Direct their own behavior

STAGE 2: AUTONOMY VS SHAME

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Pre-school Challenged to control their behavior Taking responsibility

STAGE 3: INITIATIVE VS GUILT

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Elementary Opportunities to learn social and academic skills

STAGE 4: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Adolescence Defining identities and roles

STAGE 5: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

Response of people of various ages to stories about other people caught in moral dilemmas

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

Kohl's Level of Morality: | Consequences determine morality

PRECONVENTIONAL

Kohl's Level of Morality: | Conforming to the norms of society

CONVENTIONAL

Kohl's Level of Morality: Morality decided upon individual May conflict with values and / or accepted norms

POSTCONVENTIONAL

Peak of Physical health

20s

30s

Signs of aging become visible

Visual problems weight gain strength and height decrease

40s

Decline in reproductive system

MENOPAUSE

Decline in several hormones: testosterone

ANDROPAUSE

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Early Adulthood (20s - 30s) Relationship without losing sense of self

STAGE 6: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION

Psychosocial Stages of Development: Middle Adulthood (40s - 50s) Be creative, productive and nurture next generation through career or volunteer work

STAGE 7: GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION

Parenting Styles: Stern Controlling Showing little warmth

AUTHORITARIAN

Parenting Styles: Few demands Can be either involved (Indulgent) or uninvolved (Neglectful)

PERMISSIVE

Parenting Styles: | Combine warmth and affection with firm limits on child's behavior

AUTHORITATIVE

Psychosocial Stages of Development: | Acceptance of wholeness of self and life experiences

STAGE 8: INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR

Stages of Death and Dying (5)

1. DENIAL 2. ANGER 3. BARGAINING 4. DEPRESSION 5. ACCEPTANCE

Reproduction of cells are limited

CELLULAR CLOCK THEORY

Bodily damage

WEAR AND TEAR THEORY

Biological explanation done to cells over time

FREE RADICAL THEORY

Positively adjusting to aging and remains active

ACTIVITY THEORY

Chapter 8: Human Development Flashcards

(77 cards)