Chapter 8 - Immune System

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

• always active against infection
• lack ability to target specific invaders
• also known as nonspecific immunity

Question 2

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 2

• target specific pathogen
• this system is slower to act but can maintain memory
• also known as specific ammunity

Question 3

Hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 3

give rise to granulocytes, agranulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets

Question 4

agranulocytes

Answer 4

include lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 5

Granuloctyes

Answer 5

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 6

defensins

Answer 6

antibacterial enzymes found on the skin

Question 7

Macrophage

Answer 7

immune defender that engulfs and consumes pathogen

Question 8

Mast Cell

Answer 8

• releases a large amount of histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation
• closely related to basophils (purple granules) but contain smalled granules

Question 9

Granulocytes

Answer 9

make up three different kinds of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, participate in inflammatory response

Question 10

Dendritic cells

Answer 10

present antigens to the adaptive immune cells, inducing the cells to attack bearesrs of the displayed antigen

Question 11

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 11

can detect the decreased production of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and are able to destroy the virally infected cells

Question 12

cytotocix T-lymphocytes

Answer 12

kill cells that have been invaded by an intracellular pathogen and prevent further infection

Question 13

Oponization

Answer 13

this occurs when antibodies bind to an antigen and attack the leukocyte to expell their contents immediately

Question 14

Primary Response

Answer 14

occurs when naive B-cells waint in lymph nodes and two things occur upon correct exposure of antigen:

1. plasma cells produce a large number of antibodies
2. memory B-cells stay in lymph nodes awaiting for the same antigen to reappear

Question 15

Positive Selection

Answer 15

maturing only cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC

Question 16

Negative Selection

Answer 16

Causes apoptosis in all cells that are self-reactive (activated by proteins produced by the organism itself)

Question 17

Thymosin

Answer 17

a peptide hormone secreted by thymic cells in the thymus

Question 18

Helper T-Cells

Answer 18

• also known as CD4+ T-cells
• coordinate immune response by secreating lymphokines
  
  • recruite other cells like plasma cells, cytotoxic cells, and macrophages

Question 20

Starling Forces

Answer 20

• both the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures that are present whenblood is going from capillaries to venules (onconic pressure is that which sucks water back into blood stream
• this affects the amount of fluid that exits the vessels to enter the tissue

Question 21

Germinal Centers

Answer 21

B-cells proliferate and mature at the lymph nodes

Question 22

Neutrophils

Answer 22

This is a type of granulocyte that ingests bacteria (those marked with an antibodies oponized)

Can follow the bacteria wherever it may go via chemotaxis

Question 23

Eosinophils

Answer 23

• are a type of granulocyte and are active during an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection
  
  • release histamine which cause an inflammatory response

Question 24

Basophils

Answer 24

• Another type of granulocyte that are active during an allergic reaction
  
  • are very similar to mast cells (skin) but the only difference is that mas cells have smaller granules

Question 25

Dendritic Cells

Answer 25

Antigen presenting cells that are found within the skin

Question 26

Plasma Cells

Answer 26

• are responsible for creating antibodies and take part in the humoral immunity (adaptive immune system)
• plasma cells are activated by the B-cells