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VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 > Chapter 8 - Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Immunity Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

active immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells formed by a person’s own adaptive immune system

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2
Q

airborne transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through air via small particles (traditionally <5 µm)

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3
Q

antibiotic

A

medications used to kill bacteria or slow their growth

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4
Q

antimicrobial resistance 

A

the ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent

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5
Q

antiseptic

A

a substance that is applied to living tissue to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms

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6
Q

antivenom

A

a medical treatment containing antibodies specific to the toxins present in venomous bites or stings

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7
Q

antiviral 

A

medications used to treat viral infections

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8
Q

apoptosis

A

the controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell death

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9
Q

artificial active immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory
cells produced by an individual’s own immune system after medical intervention. Also known as artificially acquired active immunity

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10
Q

artificial immunity

A

protection against a disease formed as a result of medical intervention. Also known as induced immunity

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11
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external medical source. Also known as artificially acquired passive immunity

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12
Q

autoantibodies

A

antibodies directed against an organism’s own tissues

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13
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a disease in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells

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14
Q

autoreactive

A

a cell that recognises a self-tissue or self-antigen as non-self

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15
Q

B lymphocyte

A

a type of lymphocyte that plays an important role in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells and B memory cells

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16
Q

booster vaccine

A

a vaccination given to a person later in time after they have completed their initial vaccination program to enhance their existing immunity against a disease. Also known as a booster shot

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17
Q

cancer

A

a disease caused by the uncontrolled replication of cells with the ability to migrate to other parts of the body

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18
Q

chimeric

A

an organism or cell containing genetic material from another organism or cell

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19
Q

complement proteins 

A

a number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonise, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens

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20
Q

conjugated monoclonal antibodies 

A

monoclonal antibodies with other molecules (e.g. chemotherapy drugs or radioisotopes) attached to them

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21
Q

contagious

A

a property of a pathogen or disease meaning that it can be transmitted from one organism to another

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22
Q

contagious disease

A

an illness caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted and spread between different people

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23
Q

direct physical contact transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through contact between a host and another individual

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24
Q

disinfectant

A

a substance that is applied to non-living materials to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms

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25
droplet transmission
the spread of pathogens through air and contaminated surfaces via respiratory droplets
26
emerging disease
an infectious disease that is new to the human population, or that is rapidly increasing in incidence
27
endemic
when a disease occurs at a relatively constant baseline level in a population
28
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
an experimental technique used to identify a pathogen by determining the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample
29
epidemic
a dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time
30
faecal-oral transmission
the spread of pathogens via oral consumption of contaminated faeces
31
fomites
an inanimate object that, when contaminated with a pathogen, can transmit that pathogen to a new host
32
fungicide
medications used to treat fungal infections
33
herd immunity
protection against a disease conferred to non-immune individuals when a high percentage of a population is immune to the same disease. Herd immunity is often achieved through high rates of vaccination
34
host 
an organism that harbours a pathogen
35
hybridoma 
the product of the fusion between a mouse’s extracted plasma cell and a myeloma cell
36
iatrogenic
describes a disease caused by medical intervention
37
immune deficiency
a state in which the immune system is no longer able to protect the body against infection or disease. Also known as immunodeficiency
38
immunosuppression
a reduction in the ability of the immune system to generate an immune response
39
immunotherapy
medical interventions that treat disease by modulating the immune system, typically by either amplifying or reducing an immune response
40
incidence
the frequency of a disease in a population
41
indirect physical contact transmission
the spread of pathogens via contaminated objects or vectors
42
infectious disease
an illness caused by a pathogen
43
membrane attack complex (MAC)
a pore formed by complement proteins in the cell membrane of a pathogen, disrupting the membrane and leading to the pathogen’s destruction
44
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
identical laboratory-made antibodies produced by plasma cell clones
45
myeloma cells
rapidly-dividing cancerous plasma cells which are fused with extracted B cells from mice to produce hybridomas
46
naked monoclonal antibodies
monoclonal antibodies that do not have any other molecules attached to them
47
natural active immunity
protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity
48
natural active immunity
protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity
49
natural immunity
protection against a disease formed without medical intervention
50
natural passive immunity
protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external non-medical source. Also known as naturally acquired passive immunity
51
non-infectious disease
an illness not caused by a pathogen
52
outbreak
a sudden and unexpected increase in the occurrence of a disease
53
pandemic
an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents
54
passive immunity
protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external source
55
pathogen
an agent that causes disease
56
primary immune response
the reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it has not previously been exposed to
57
re-emerging disease
an infectious disease that was previously under control but that is now increasing in incidence
58
reservoir 
a population of animals or environment in which a pathogen normally lives
59
respiratory droplets
droplets (traditionally >5 µm) produced by breathing, talking, vomiting, and coughing. They may contain saliva, mucus, and other substances from the respiratory tract, including cells/particles of pathogens
60
secondary immune response
the heightened reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it has previously been exposed to
61
serology
the study of blood serum, typically to determine the presence of antibodies and/or antigens
62
serum 
the fluid and solute component of blood that excludes blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors
63
transmission
the passing of a pathogen from an infected host to another individual or group
64
vaccination program
a series of vaccinations designed to create long-term immunity to a disease. Also known as a vaccination schedule
65
vaccine
a medical treatment typically containing antigens designed to stimulate a person’s adaptive immune system to create immunity to a pathogen without actually causing disease
66
vector
an organism that is not affected by a disease but spreads it between hosts
67
vertical transmission
spread of pathogens from mother-to-child during gestation, during childbirth, or post-birth due to close physical contact and breastfeeding of a newborn
68
virulence
the potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm
69
zoonosis
an infectious disease that is caused by a pathogen that has transferred from an animal to a human
70
methods of identifying pathogens:
PHYSICAL - Visualising pathogens using microscopes to determine their structure PHENOTYPIC - (Selective media) – an agar plate designed to allow certain pathogens to grow and multiply to test for their presence in a sample. - (Biochemical test panels) – a series of tests designed to specify a sample’s genus and species. IMMUNOLOGICAL - (Serology) – the diagnosis of disease based on the presence of antibodies or antigens in a person’s serum. One example used to detect the presence of pathogenic antigens in a sample is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There are four main types of ELISA tests – direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive. The sandwich method of ELISA involves: (1) antibodies specific to a certain pathogen are attached to a plate; (2) the serum sample to be tested is then applied to the plate, resulting in any pathogen antigens present attaching to the antibodies; (3) a second detection antibody, linked to a colour-changing enzyme, is added to the plate, binding to any antibody-antigen complexes present; (4) a substrate is then added, reacting with the enzyme on the second antibody and changing colour/emitting a signal to reveal whether any pathogenic antigens were present in the sample MOLECULAR - (Hybridisation-based detection) – labelled segments of genetic material that are complementary to a pathogen’s genetic material are added to a sample. If a signal is generated, it means a pathogen is present. (Whole-genome sequencing) – provides detailed information about the pathogen.
71
Immune checkpoints
regulators in the immune system that, when activated, suppress the immune system

VCE Biology - Edrolo - Units 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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