CHAPTER 8; MEMORY

Question 1

What is Encoding?

Answer 1

the process of putting information into a form that will allow it to fit in with your personal storage system.

Question 2

What is Storage?

Answer 2

keeping information in the brain so that we can use it later on.

Question 3

What is retrieval?

Answer 3

the process of getting information back from memory so that we can use it.

Question 4

What is the multi-store model?

Answer 4

three stores of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory - and how they interact with each other.

Question 5

What is Sensory Memory?

Answer 5

the first stage of memory. A very brief memory store. Information enters this register and may then be transferred to STM if the person pays attention to it.

Question 6

What is Short-term Memory?

Answer 6

a limited store of actively conscious memory. Information is then transferred to LTM if it has been encoded.

Question 7

What is Long-term Memory?

Answer 7

a store of information that is virtually limitless in capacity. It needs retrieval to bring it back into conscious awareness.

Question 8

What is Iconic Memory?

Answer 8

refers to visual sensory memory. Lasts for about 0.3 seconds. (‘icon’ from the Greek word meaning ‘image’)

Question 9

What is Echoic Memory?

Answer 9

refers to our auditory (sound) sensory memory. It stores for 3-4 seconds.

Question 10

What is Chunking?

Answer 10

the grouping together of items that can be remembered as a chunk.

Question 11

What is Maintenance Rehearsal?

Answer 11

enables us to retain information in out STM by repeating the information over and over again.

Question 12

What is Elaborative Rehearsal?

Answer 12

a process by which we give meaning to information and link it to other information already in memory.

Question 13

What is The Serial position effect?

Answer 13

the immediate free recall of items at the beginning or at the end of a list are remembered better than those in the middle of the list.

Question 14

What are the Levels-of-processing?

Answer 14

refers to the number and types of associations made between new knowledge and previous knowledge.

Question 15

What is Procedural Memory?

Answer 15

involves knowing how to do things. Houses memory for actions, skills, operations and conditioned responses.

Question 16

What is Declarative Memory?

Answer 16

involves memory for facts, events and general knowledge.

Question 17

What is Semantic Memory?

Answer 17

memories for facts (or knowledge). E.g. knowing that Canberra is the Capital city of Australia, knowing the times tables.

Question 18

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 18

personalised memories of events. E.g. your first day at school, a first romantic kiss.

Question 19

What is Photographic Memory?

Answer 19

the ability to form and later recall sharp, detailed visual images of a picture or notes from a page after examining the, for only a short period of time.

Question 20

What is Phonemic encoding?

Answer 20

words are learnt by their sounds.

Question 21

What is Semantic encoding?

Answer 21

words are encoded by their meaning, which allows them to be placed directly in our semantic networks.

Question 22

What is Structural encoding?

Answer 22

words are learnt by remembering their physical features, such as whether they were in upper or lower case, started with a vowel or consonant, or were long or short.

Question 23

What are the four seperate but interdependent aspects of working memory?

Answer 23

Phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer.

Question 24

What is recency effect?

Answer 24

the free recall of words at the end of a list.

Question 25

What is primary effect?

Answer 25

the free recall of words at the beginning of a list.