Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards
(37 cards)
MEMORY
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
RECALL
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
RECOGNITION
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on multiple-choice test.
RELEARNING
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
ENCODING
The process of info into the memory system-for ex, by extracting meaning.
STORAGE
The retention of encoding info over time.
RETRIVAL
The process of getting info out of memory storage
SENSORY MEMORY
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Activated memory that holds a few times briefly, such as seven digits of a phone # while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten.
LONG-TERM MEMORY
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience.
WORKING MEMORY
A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial info, and of info retrieved from long term memory.
EXPLICIT MEMORY
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. ( declarative memory)
EFFORTFUL PROCESSING
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
Unconscious encoding of identical info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info, such as word meanings.
IMPLICIT MEMORY
Retention independent of conscious recollection. ( non declarative memory)
ICONIC MEMORY
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenth of a second.
ECHOIC MEMORY
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled w/in 3 or 4 seconds.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.
MNEMONICS
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devises.
SPACING EFFECT
The tendency of distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
TESTING EFFECT
Enhance memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, info. Also sometimes referred to as a ( retrieval practice effect) or ( test enhance learning)
SHALLOW PROCESSING
Encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words.
DEEP PROCESSING
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the word; tends to yield the best retention.
HIPPOCAMPUS
A neural center located in the limbus system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
