Chapter 8 - Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What does the Arousal Theory assume?

Answer 1

That people may have different and optimum levels of emotional arousal
which may go beyond the point of a need or desire being satisfied or reduced.

Question 2

What is generally assumed with regards to arousal for simple and complex tasks?

Answer 2

Simple tasks may need higher levels of arousal and complex tasks lower levels in order to be performed optimally.

Question 3

What is Intrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

Motivation characterised by goal-directed behaviour where the motivation is intrinsic to the person. Some people do things for sheer pleasure whilst others may not enjoy the same activity.

Question 4

Explain Positive Motivation.

Answer 4

Emphasis is on positive emotions, behaviours and resources in people eg. Happiness, joy humour
which contribute to
resilience, optimal functioning and health

Question 5

The Hawthorne studies involved 2 experiments on human motivation. Name them.

Answer 5

1) Varying the light in the workplace

2) the effectiveness of the piece-rate system (paid per unit produced)

Question 6

What was the key insights to the Hawthorne studies?

Answer 6

That human factors are at least as important as the rate of payment.

Question 7

The outcomes of the Hawthorne studies led to the birth of?

Answer 7

The Human Relations Movement in management.

This movement said:
Employees who are happy and satisfied with their work are motivated ti perform better

Question 8

What does Drive-reduction approaches assert?

Answer 8

That bodily, social and emotional needs
may arouse certain
drives, desires, needs or motives
eg. hunger and to be loved

Question 9

Who conducted the Hawthorne studies?

Answer 9

Elton Mayo from 1927 - 1932

Question 10

Walter Cannon first proposed in 1929 that behaviour was controlled by?

Answer 10

Homeostatic Drives

Question 11

What does the Homeostatic Theory propose?

Answer 11

Our behaviour is determined
by the body’s need to maintain a constant
level of physiological functioning.

Physiological drives
are determined by tissue needs
that are satisfied by the activation of brain hormones, which leads to the release of hormones.

Question 12

What is one of the best-known theories concerning physiological needs and who proposed it?

Answer 12

The Homeostatic Drive theory

Hull in 1943

Question 13

What are the 3 main features of Homeostasis?

Answer 13

1) has a set point that identifies ideal rage ( eg 37 degrees body temperature)
2) corrective mechanism in hypothalamus detects deviations from set point
3) prospective element that help people predict future changes that may occur

Question 14

Factors that motivate people are not the same but determined by?

Answer 14

Personal characteristics driven by personal values

Question 15

Define values.

Answer 15

An enduring belief that
a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable
to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence

Ie. They are personal beliefs that have an emotional value and are developed through experiences and cognitions. They are similar to needs in that they arouse, direct and sustain behaviour.

Question 16

Many needs are inborn whereas values are?

Answer 16

Learnt through experiences and cognitions. Values guide behaviour
they are the standards we use to make decisions

Question 17

What is a simple definition of personality?

Answer 17

Those characteristics of individuals that describe and account for consistent patterns of feelings, cognition and behaving.

Question 18

Whilst behaviour is driven by personality and values a distinction can be made?

Answer 18

Between extrinsic and intrinsic sources of motivation.

Question 19

Which approach governs the procedures for Behavioural Modification?

Answer 19

The Law of Effect (BF Skinner)

Question 20

Explain the Law of Effect?

Answer 20

Behaviours that are followed by a positive outcome will be repeated
whilst those followed by negative outcomes
will not be repeated

Question 21

What use does Positive Reinforcement have?

Answer 21

To modify behaviour

Question 22

Goal Setting Theory is based on the idea that?

Answer 22

Behaviour is regulated by intentions

Question 23

The very influential book on goal setting theory is “The one minute manager” by Blanchard and Johnson. Which approach is set out in this book?

Answer 23

MBO ( management by objectives) approach to management

Question 24

What is the Goal Setting theory based on?

Answer 24

The principle the employees 
are motivated by conscious goals 
that direct and energise them
which have been set 
in conjunction with their managers

Question 25

Name the 3 key fundamentals underlying GOAL SETTING THEORY.

Answer 25

1) Specific clear goals lead to higher performance 2) The higher the goal the higher the level of performance. (Depending on commitment) 3) Monetary incentives, participative-decision-making, feedback and knowledge of results only affective if employee is committed

Question 26

Success of goal setting is based on the concept of "ego investment". What is this?

Answer 26

If employee is involved in the goal setting the goals become "our" goals.

Question 27

Name the 5 principles in effective Goal Setting.

Answer 27

``` SMART Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time frame ```

Question 28

In MBO a key aspect is to set measurable goals. Good goals in terms of MBO include?

Answer 28

A clear description Specific deadlines Resources to be used

Question 29

The primary assumption at the heart of MBO is?

Answer 29

Self control Employee takes responsibility and will be driven to achieve set goals as long as they have the resources and support of the organisation

Question 30

What 5 core job dimensions determine any job's motivational potential?

Answer 30

1) skill variety 2) task identity (whole or piece of work) 3) task significance 4) autonomy 5) feedback

Question 31

The degree to which the diff job dimentions are present in a job will influence 3 critical psychological states. Name them?

Answer 31

Meaningfulness Responsibility Knowledge

Question 32

What are the 5 positive personal and work outcomes with the combination of the core job dimensions and critical psychological states?

Answer 32

``` High internal work motivation High quality work performance High levels of satisfaction Lower levels of absenteeism Low levels of turnover ```

Question 33

What 3 possible job strategies can be used to improve core job dimensions?

Answer 33

Job rotation Job enlargement Job enrichment

Question 34

People are intrinsically motivated when they?

Answer 34

Engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge or sheer enjoyment

Question 35

There are currently 2 concepts that describe internal motivation. Name them.

Answer 35

Flow - person's optimal experience or sheer enjoyment and absorption in work to complete tasks and achieve certain Engagement - more than just involvement, refers to passionate involvement working towards a certain objective

Question 36

Which 3 theories focus on intrinsic sources of motivation?

Answer 36

1) Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2) Alderfer's ERG theory 3) McClelland's needs theory

Question 37

Which 4 theories focus on internal cognitive processes involved in the assessment of motivational stimuli?

Answer 37

Expectancy theory Equity theory Self-efficacy Cognitive evaluations

Question 38

What are the 5 order of needs Maslow identified?

Answer 38

1) Physiological - food, water, shelter, sex 2) Safety - physical and physiological 3) Social - friendship, affection, belonging, love 4) Ego - achievement, independence, freedom, self-esteem 5) Self actualisation - achieving full potential

Question 39

What personality characteristics are associated with Self-Actualisation?

Answer 39

- Greater understanding of situations - Ability to react to changing circumstances - Acceptance of others and yourself - Ability to question existing norms whilst not being deliberately unconventional - Concern for the welfare of others - Develop interpersonal relationships that are satisfying - Highly creative - Having sound moral ethic standards - Good sense of humour

Question 40

Gorman noted 4 important assumptions that underlie Maslow's theory. Name them.

Answer 40

- lower needs need to be fulfilled before higher needs can be - they are linked to human development - lower needs predominantly physiological and higher needs life experience - capable of achieving more than others

Question 41

Alderfer proposed the ERG theory to address some of the limitations in Maslow's theory. Name the 3 levels he added.

Answer 41

Existence- all physical and material needs Relatedness - relationships where feelings and thoughts are shared Growth - to be productive, change oneself and environment

Question 42

McClelland's needs theory proposed that people work to fulfil 3 needs?

Answer 42

Need for AFFILIATION (NAff) Need for ACHIEVEMENT (NAch) Need for POWER (NPow)

Question 43

According to McClelland's needs theory people with a high NAch tend to?

Answer 43

- set achievable goals - seek to master tasks - constantly strive to improve - strong sense of initiative - enjoy assuming personal responsibility - place value on personal and org growth

Question 44

Who formulated the Expectancy theory?

Answer 44

Victor Vroom

Question 45

What does the Expectancy theory say?

Answer 45

People are rational beings who analyse cost and benefit of possible behaviours

Question 46

According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory employees are motivated by the expected results of their actions which comprise of 3 elements. What are they?

Answer 46

VALENCE - degree of satisfaction INSTRUMENTALITY - belief that actions will lead to desired outcome EXPECTANCY - probability that outcome will be achieved

Question 47

The Equity theory's cornerstone is?

Answer 47

Fairness

Question 48

What is the Equity Theory about?

Answer 48

People hold the belief that they should receive the same or similar rewards as those doing the same or similar job, under the same circumstances.

Question 49

What may an employee do when perceived as being treated unfairly?

Answer 49

Reduce work effort Change outcome Change perception Leave the job

Question 50

According to Bandura in his Self-efficacy theory believe that "People strive to exercise control over events that affect their lives" . What can be said for people with high levels of self-efficacy?

Answer 50

``` They believe that: they have the necessary abilities are resourceful enough they can overcome any obstacle that may hinder their ability to achieve their goals ```

Question 51

What are the 4 ways in which Self-efficacy can be improved?

Answer 51

Mastery experiences - certain amount of effort Vicarious experiences - similar to individual Social persuasion Enhanced physical status

Question 52

Who developed the Cognitive evaluation theory?

Answer 52

Edward Deci in 1975

Question 53

What does the Cognitive Evaluations theory argue?

Answer 53

That it is not the objective characteristics of an event that determine its motivational value but the psychological meaning

Question 54

Can attribution be motivational?

Answer 54

Yes

Question 55

Hertzberg motivated in his 2 Factor theory that all work-related factors can be grouped into one of 2 categories. Name them.

Answer 55

1) Hygiene / Maintenance factors eg. Company policy Administration Quality of supervision Interpersonal relationships Working conditions Salary Status 2) Motivators eg. Challenging job Personal growth opportunities Recognition Feelings of achievement

Question 56

The QWL approach - Quality of Work Life is also known as?

Answer 56

Theory Z. | It was founded with Japanese historical and cultural experiences

Question 57

Name 12 factors that affect QWL?

Answer 57

1) fair COMPENSATION 2) CHALLENGING work 3) opportunities for personal GROWTH 4) physical WORK ENVIRONMENT 5) overall employee WELFARE 6) CULTURE OF fair treatment, personal identity 7) DEMOCRATIC work environment 8) absence of unnecessary STRESS FACTORS 9) MOBILITY upwards 10) healthy social RELATIONSHIPS 11) JOB SECURITY 12) not infringe on FAMILY NEEDS