Chapter 8 Pathophysiology

Question 1

Define pathophysiology, including its role in diagnosing and treating disease. (p 368)

Question 2

Compare atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia as means of cellular adaptation. (p 368)

Question 3

Explain the causes, clinical manifestations, assessment, and management of edema. (p 370)

Question 3

List factors that can affect or upset homeostasis. (p 369)

Question 4

Explain the physiologic consequences of electrolyte imbalances in sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. (pp 371-374)

Question 4

Compare respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. (pp 375-378)

Question 5

Discuss types of fluid deficits and potential resulting complications. (p 371)

Question 6

Outline how cellular injury occurs in patients with hypoxia, chemical exposures, infection (sepsis), immunologic exposures (hypersensitivity reactions), inflammatory conditions, genetic disorders, nutritional imbalances, physical damage (mechanical injury), and other harmful exposures, such as extremes of hot and cold. (pp 378-382)

Question 7

Examine the concept of apoptosis. (pp 382-383)

Question 8

Define perfusion, including the physiologic consequences of hypoperfusion. (pp 383-384)

Question 9

Discuss the causes of central and peripheral shock, including cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive shock. (pp 384-386)

Question 9

Analyze the mechanisms by which the body compensates for hypoperfusion. (pp 383-384)

Question 10

Explain how to treat a patient in shock. (p 387)

Question 11

Explain how plasma protein systems—the complement system, the coagulation (clotting) system, and the kinin system—modulate the inflammatory response. (p 397)

Question 11

Describe multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. (pp 387-389)

Question 12

Examine the body’s three defense mechanisms against pathogens: anatomic barriers, the immune response, and the inflammatory response. (pp 389-400)

Question 13

Compare wound healing by primary intention with wound healing by secondary intention. (pp 398-400)

Question 14

Outline each of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions and mechanisms for immunologic injury. (pp 401-403)

Question 15

List several autoimmune reactions. (pp 403-404)

Question 16

Compare inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies. (pp 404-405)

Question 17

Analyze the controllable and uncontrollable risk factors that intersect in order to cause disease. (pp 405-406)

Question 18

Outline how incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality data are used to analyze disease risk. (p 406)

Question 19

Analyze risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease. (pp 408-412)

Question 20

Describe how hematologic disorders occur. (pp 409-410)

Question 21

List the stages of the general adaptation syndrome, and explore the relationship between stress and disease. (pp 415-418)

Question 21

Name common renal, gastrointestinal, and neuromuscular disorders. (pp 412-415)