Chapter 8 - Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience

Question 1

Physiological psychology is __________

Answer 1

the study of the essential biology involved in the study of the mind

Question 2

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of two parts:

Answer 2

1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

Question 3

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of two parts:

Answer 3

1. Somatic nervous system

2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 4

The __________ is the pathway that runs to and from the CNS

Answer 4

Peripheral nervous system

Question 5

__________ fibers run toward the CNS, and __________ fibers run away from the CNS

Answer 5

Afferent is like affect, which means feel, so it goes toward the CNS, and afferent is like effect, so it goes away from CNS to cause the effect the brain wants

Question 6

__________ interacts with the external environment by controlling voluntary movements of striated muscles

Answer 6

somatic nervous system

Question 7

__________ interacts with the internal environment and is responsible for the “fight or flight” response

Answer 7

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 8

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two parts:

Answer 8

1. Sympathetic nervous system

2. Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

__________ controls arousal mechanisms such as blood circulation, pupil dilation, and threat and fear response

Answer 9

Lie detector tests rely on the premise that lying activates the sympathetic nervous system and causes thinks like an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Question 10

__________ is responsible for recuperation after arousal by doing things like lowering heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

Answer 10

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 11

The spine consists of an inner core of __________ and an outer core of __________ that go to and from the brain

Answer 11

gray matter; white matter

Question 12

In the spine, gray matter consists of __________ and __________

Answer 12

cell bodies; dendrites

Question 13

In the spine, white matter consists of __________ , __________ , and __________ .

Answer 13

nerve fibers; axon bundles; myelin sheathing

Question 14

The Hindbrain consists of three parts:

Answer 14

1. Myelencephalon (medulla)
2. Metencephalon (contains pons and cerebellum)
3. Reticular formation (base is located in the hindbrain, and rest is in midbrain), considered the oldest part of the brain

Question 15

The __________ mainly controls reflexes but also controls sleep, attention, and movement.

Answer 15

medulla

Question 16

The __________ connects brain parts to spine

Answer 16

pons

Question 17

The __________ controls muscle coordination, balance, and posture

Answer 17

cerebellum

Question 18

The __________ is considered the oldest part of the brain; controls alertness, thirst, sleep, and involuntary muscles such as the __________

Answer 18

reticular formation; heart

Question 19

The mesencephalon is the __________

Answer 19

midbrain

Question 20

__________ controls vision and hearing

Answer 20

Tectum

Question 21

__________ houses the rest of the reticular formation.

Answer 21

It is also involved in the sensorimotor system, and the analgesic effect of opiates

Question 22

__________ can be divided into diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon

Answer 22

Forebrain

Question 23

The __________ is the rest of the forebrain, which contains:

Answer 23

Telencephalon

limbic system; hippocampus; amygdala; cingulate gyrus

Question 24

The __________ is the connection between brain and spine

Answer 24

Corticospinal tract

Question 25

__________ channels sensory information to the cerebral cortex

Answer 25

Thalamus

Question 26

__________ controls ANS biological motivations, such as hunger and thirst, and the pituitary gland

Answer 26

Hypothalamus

Question 27

The __________ gland, which is the “master gland” of the endocrine/hormone system

Answer 27

pituitary

Question 28

__________ is a group of structures around the brainstem involved in the four F’s (fleeing, feeding, fighting, and fornicating - to be polite)

Answer 28

Limbic system

Question 29

__________ involved in memory, specifically transferring short-term memory into long-term memory

Answer 29

Recent research indicates that new neurons can form in the hippocampus of the adult mammalian brain

Question 30

__________ controls emotional reactions such as fear and anger

Answer 30

Amygdala

Question 31

__________ links areas in the brain dealing with emotion and decision

Answer 31

Cingulate gyrus

Question 32

__________ is the outer half-inch of the cerebral hemispheres. It’s the seat of sensory and intellectual functions and is split into lobes

Answer 32

Cerebral cortex

Question 33

Ninety percent of the cerebral cortex is __________

Answer 33

neocortex

Question 34

The __________ is new in evolution, and a six-layered cortex

Answer 34

neocortex

Question 35

Apart from the neocortex, the other 10% of the __________ has fewer than six layers and is more __________

Answer 35

cerebral cortex; primitive

Question 36

The __________ controls speech, reasoning, and problem solving

Answer 36

Houses Broca’s area of speech

Question 37

The __________ is responsible for vision

Answer 37

occipital lobe

Question 38

The __________ is responsible for the somatosensory system

Answer 38

parietal lobe

Question 39

The __________ is responsible for hearing.

Answer 39

Also includes Wernicke’s area, which is related to speech

Question 40

__________ (bumps) and __________ (fissures) are seen on the cortex surface

Answer 40

Gyri; sulci

Question 41

__________ are tough connective tissues that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

Answer 41

meninges

Question 42

The __________ protects the brain by making it extremely difficult for toxic substances to pass from the blood into the brain

Answer 42

blood-brain barrier

Question 43

The cells that make up the blood vessels in the brain are very __________ packed

Answer 43

tightly

Question 44

__________ are chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid that insulate the brain from shock

Answer 44

Ventricles

Question 45

__________ controls visual reflexes, and __________ controls auditory reflexes and appear as bumps on the brainstem

Answer 45

Superior colliculus; inferior colliculus

Question 46

__________ control large, voluntary muscle movements

Answer 46

Their degeneration is related to motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases