Chapter 8 - Principles of Dev't

Question 1

T/F: During the first half of the twentieth century, experiments by the German embryologist Hans Spemann (1869 to 1941) and his student, Hilde Pröscholdt Mangold (1898 to 1924), ushered in the first of two golden ages of embryology.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

tissue transplanted from one embryo into another could induce development of a complete organ, such as an eyeball, at the site of the transplant

Answer 2

embryonic induction

Question 3

one particular tissue, the dorsal lip from an embryonic stage

Answer 3

Gastrula

Question 4

Who ushered the two ages of golden ages of embryology?

Answer 4

Hans Spemann and Hilde Pröscholdt Mangold

Question 5

Discovered gastrula

Answer 5

Mangold

Question 6

Spemann designated the dorsal lip tissue as ______

Answer 6

Primary organizer

Question 7

The animal used by Spemann and Mangold

a) frog
b) sea urchin
c) lizard
d) salamander

Answer 7

d) salamander

Question 8

primary organizer is also called

Answer 8

Spemann organizer

Question 9

T/F: The concept of preformation was strongly advocated by most ninetieth-and twentieth-century naturalist-philosophers.

Answer 9

False; seventeenth- and eighteenth-century

Question 10

A German embryologist who introduced epigenesis

Answer 10

Karl Friedrich Wolff

Question 11

origin upon or after, an idea that a fertilized egg contains building material only, somehow assembled by an unknown directing force.

Answer 11

Epigenesis

Question 12

A Dutch histologist who first observed a sperm that has a preformed human infant inside

Answer 12

Niklaas Hartsoeker

Question 13

describes the progressive changes in an individual from its beginning to maturity

Answer 13

Development

Question 14

T/F: In asexual multicellular organisms, development usually begins with a fertilized egg that divides mitotically to produce a many-celled embryo

Answer 14

False; sexual

Question 15

Cellular diversity doesn’t occur all at once but sequentially emerges by a _________.

Answer 15

hierarchy of developmental decisions

Question 16

Enumeration: Key events in animal development

Answer 16

Gamete Formation, Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Organogenesis and Growth

Question 17

A process where sex cells forms and matures

Answer 17

Gamete formation

Question 18

A process where germ layers form

Answer 18

Gastrulation

Question 19

Egg and sperm fuse

Answer 19

Fertilization

Question 20

A process where zygote subdivides

Answer 20

Cleavage

Question 21

Body organs form, cells interact, differentiate

Answer 21

Organogenesis

Question 22

Organs increase in size, adult body form attained

Answer 22

Growth

Question 23

Once cells embark on a course of differentiation, they become irrevocably committed to that course hence they are called

a) undefined
b) undetermined
c) determined
d) intermediated

Answer 23

c) determined

Question 24

species-specific, attracting to eggs only sperm of the same species.

Answer 24

Chemotactic molecule

Question 25

T/F: Fertilization is the union of male and female gametes to form a zygote

Answer 25

True

Question 26

The following are which Fertilization accomplishes: I. formation of the zygote II. recombination of paternal and maternal genes III. activation of the egg to develop IV. formation of the yolk inside the embryo a) I only b) II and III c) II, III and IV d) III and IV

Answer 26

b) II and III

Question 27

T/F: Sperm are always required in the development

Answer 27

False; not always

Question 28

artificially induced to initiate development without sperm fertilization

Answer 28

Artificial parthenogenesis

Question 29

An egg’s cytoplasm contains vast amounts of the following for protein synthesis EXCEPT: a) mRNA b) tRNA c) RNA d) ribosomes

Answer 29

a) mRNA

Question 30

direct activation and repression of specific genes later in postfertilization development

Answer 30

Morphogenetic determinants

Question 31

The nucleus also grows rapidly in size during egg maturation, becoming bloated with RNA and so changed in appearance that it is given a special name, which is called

Answer 31

germinal vesicle

Question 32

Sequencing (1-4): The sperm enters the jelly layer or known as acrosomal process

Answer 32

1

Question 33

Entrance of more than one sperm is called

Answer 33

Polyspermy

Question 34

Sequencing (1-4) : Contact of sperm to the egg’s vitelline envelope forming a fertilization cone

Answer 34

2

Question 35

Sequencing (1-4): Cortical granules releases enzymes for the vitelline envelope to harden which forms fertilization membrane

Answer 35

4

Question 36

___________ triggers cortical granules to flood out when vitelline envelope is lifted

Answer 36

Calcium ions

Question 37

Sequencing (1-4): Discharging of the cortical granules as the vitelline envelope is lifted

Answer 37

3

Question 38

electrical potential change in the egg membrane that prevents additional sperm from fusing with the membrane

Answer 38

Fast block

Question 39

T/F: Once sperm and egg membranes have fused, the sperm keeps its flagellum

Answer 39

False; loses and disintegrates

Question 40

enlarged sperm nucleus

Answer 40

Pronucleus

Question 41

Fusion of male pronucleus and female pronucleus forms __________

Answer 41

Diploid zygote

Question 42

T/F: Nuclear fusion takes up to 12 hours in sea urchin eggs

Answer 42

False; mammals

Question 43

T/F: The first cleavage division occurs in 90 mins from binding of the gametes

Answer 43

True

Question 44

large cluster of small, maneuverable cells called __________

Answer 44

Blastomeres

Question 45

T/F: Before cleavage ends, an animal-vegetal axis is visible on the embryo

Answer 45

False; begins

Question 46

The following happens in the cleavage stage EXCEPT: a) subdivision of mass until another somatic cell is attained b) animal and vegetal axis exists in the embryo c) blastula stage is formed d) growth occurs during this period

Answer 46

d) growth occurs during this period

Question 47

This pole contains a little yolk and mostly cytoplasm which also provides landmark or reference point on the embryo

Answer 47

Animal pole

Question 48

nutrition for the developing embryo

Answer 48

yolk

Question 49

The axis that occurs only in one end, animal-vegetal axis establishes a ________ of the embryo

Answer 49

Polarity

Question 50

generally an orderly sequence of cell divisions so that one cell divides to form two cells, these each divide to form four cells, the four make eight cells, and the process continues

Answer 50

Cleavage

Question 51

T/F: Cleavage furrow can be parallel or perpendicular to the animal-vegetal axis.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

lekithos means

Answer 52

yolk

Question 53

Eggs with very little yolk, evenly distributed throughout the egg

Answer 53

Isolecithal

Question 54

deuteros means

Answer 54

Second

Question 55

eggs have a moderate amount of yolk concentrated at the vegetal pole

Answer 55

Mesolecithal

Question 56

contain an abundance of yolk densely concentrated at the vegetal pole of the egg

Answer 56

Telolecithal

Question 56

Cleavage furrow extends completely through the egg

Answer 56

Holoblastic

Question 57

T/F: A meroblastic cleavage refers to too much yolk, with cells sitting atop a mass of yolk

Answer 57

True

Question 58

T/F: Holoblastic cleavage occurs in isolecithal eggs and is present in echinoderms, tunicates, cephalochordates, nemerteans, and most molluscs, as well as in marsupial and placental mammals, including humans

Answer 58

True

Question 59

going from an embryo to a miniature adult

Answer 59

Direct development

Question 60

When little yolk is present, young develop larvae capable of feeding themselves, what do you call this kind of development?

Answer 60

Indirect development

Question 61

In humans, yolk isn’t present which of the following substitutes for the yolk? a) water b) amniotic sac c) placenta d) umbilical cord

Answer 61

c) placenta

Question 62

Cleavage subdivides the mass of the zygote until a cluster of cells called

Answer 62

Blastula

Question 63

In blastulation, the cells are arranged around a central fluid-filled cavity

Answer 63

Blastocoel

Question 64

koilos means

Answer 64

cavity

Question 65

blastos means

Answer 65

germ

Question 66

one side of the blastula bends inward in a process called

Answer 66

Invagination

Question 67

Internal pouch in the gut cavity

Answer 67

Archenteron or gastrocoel

Question 68

The two germ layers are called

Answer 68

Ectoderm and endoderm

Question 69

this lies between ectoderm and endoderm

Answer 69

mesoderm

Question 70

The gut that only opens at the blastophore

Answer 70

Incomplete gut

Question 71

The second opening in a complete gut

Answer 71

Anus

Question 72

the third germ layer refers to

Answer 72

Mesoderm

Question 73

animals with two germ layers

Answer 73

dipoblastic

Question 74

third layer made from ectoderm

Answer 74

ectomesoderm

Question 76

T/F: A coelom made by schizocoely is functionally equivalent to a coelom made by enterocoely.

Answer 76

True

Question 77

Snails, earthworms a) protostomes b) deuterostomes

Answer 77

a) protostomes

Question 78

Sea stars, fishes and frogs a) protostomes b) deuterostomes

Answer 78

b) deuterostomes

Question 79

body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

Answer 79

Coelom

Question 80

is so named because the embryonic cells are arranged in radial symmetry around the animal-vegetal axis.

Answer 80

Radial cleavage

Question 82

eggs have a large, centrally located, mass of yolk.

Answer 82

Centrolecithal

Question 83

fate of a cell depends on its interactions with neighboring cells, rather than on what piece of cytoplasm it acquired during cleavage.

Answer 83

Regulative development

Question 84

both mesoderm and coelom are made at the same time

Answer 84

enterocoely

Question 85

animals with third germ layer is called

Answer 85

triploblastic

Question 86

tunicates or acsidian chordates exibit ________

Answer 86

bilateral cleavage

Question 87

First cleavage division occurs in a) 36 hours after fertilization b) 16 hours after fertilization c) 36 hours before fertilization d) 16 hours prior fertilization

Answer 87

a) 36 hours after fertilization

Question 88

Most mammals possess isolecithal eggs and a unique cleavage pattern called ___________, so called because of the orientation of blastomeres with respect to each other during the second cleavage division

Answer 88

rotational cleavage

Question 89

T/F: The trophoblast is a part of the embryo proper and will form the embryonic portion of the placenta when the embryo implants in the uterine wall.

Answer 89

False; not a part

Question 90

Development by which morphogenetic determinants decides the formation of characteristics

Answer 90

Mosaic development

Question 91

Cells that actually give rise to the embryo proper form from the inner cells, called the

Answer 91

Inner mass

Question 92

Telolecithal eggs of reptiles, birds, and most fish divide by ___________.

Answer 92

discoidal cleavage

Question 92

vegetal plate bends inward and extends about one-third of the way into the blastocoel, forming the archenteron

Answer 92

Invagination

Question 93

As the archenteron continues to elongate toward the animal pole, and its anterior end expands into two pouchlike ________

Answer 93

coelomic vesicles

Question 94

gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive tube

Answer 94

endoderm

Question 95

form the muscular system, reproductive system, peritoneum (lining of the coelomic compartments), and the calcareous plates

Answer 95

mesoderm

Question 96

gives rise to the epithelium of the body surface and to the nervous system

Answer 96

ectoderm

Question 97

homologous to the blastopore of frog embryos, anteroposterior axis of the embryo and the central part of growth

Answer 97

primitive streak

Question 98

The blastoderm consists of two layers between them

Answer 98

epiblast and hypoblast

Question 99

cell fate is determined by the distribution of certain proteins and messenger RNAs, called

Answer 99

morphogenetic determinants

Question 100

blastomeres cleave obliquely (approximately 45-degree angle) to this axis and typically produce quartets of cells that come to lie, not on top of but in the furrows between cells of the underlying layer.

Answer 100

Spiral cleavage

Question 101

Animals without a coelom are called

Answer 101

acoelomate

Question 102

fluid-filled cavity surrounding the gut

Answer 102

pseudocoelom

Question 103

T/F: true coelom is a fluid-filled cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

Answer 103

True

Question 104

Cleavage that is divided partially

Answer 104

Meroblastic

Question 105

refers to determination of the anteroposterior, dorsoventral, and left-to-right body axes

Answer 105

Pattern information

Question 107

a sheet of epithelial tissue

Answer 107

Vegetal plate