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Zoology > Chapter 8 Principles of Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Principles of Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold

A

Tissue induction using salamander embyros
- Take dorsal lip from salamander gastrula, implant on another host salamander, get a brand new salamander

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2
Q

What happens with Spemann and Mangold?

A

Spemann wins Nobel Prize in 1935
Mangold dies from gas heater accident

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3
Q

Preformation

A

the entire organism was in a miniaturized version within a sperm or egg

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4
Q

Epigenesis

A

(origin upon or after) an egg contains building material, activated by sperm.

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5
Q

A cell which has committed to a fate it is determined by one of two processes

A
  1. Specification
  2. Induction (usually irreversible)
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6
Q

Morphogenetic Determinants

A

transcription and inducing factors, direct activation and repress genes at the correct times

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7
Q

oocyte maturation

A

the egg increases in size

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8
Q

germinal vesicle

A

nucleus grows rapidly in size during egg maturation, becoming bloated with RNA and changes in appearance

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9
Q

T/F In some organismsm, Fertilization occurs before the oocyte has undergone meiosis

A

True
timing of fertilization is highly variable among organisms with regard to oocyte maturity

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10
Q

fertilization

A

male and female gametes unite to form a zygote
- combination of male and female genes
- restores diploid chromosomal status

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11
Q

T/F sperm is not always required for egg activatio

A

true

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12
Q

species specific recognition proteins

A

prevent fertilization by another species (postmating, prezygotic isolating mechanism). Especially useful for gametes in water.

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13
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization by more than one sperm

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14
Q

fast block

A

electrical potential charge change in the egg membrane that acts as an electrical fence preventing other sperms from fusing in

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15
Q

slow block

A

cortical reaction, thousands of enzyme capsules release their contents between the egg membrane and vitellene envelope. Creates an osmotic gradient, water rushes in, sperm washed away. Later, causes the vitellene membrane to harden and physically block sperm.

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16
Q

fertilization membrane

A

harden vitelline envelope, permanent physical barrier to sperm

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17
Q

Sea urchin fertilization
Why do we use them?

A
  • Easy to find, cheap
  • Fertilization external, easy in lab
  • Embryo transparent, easy to see development
  • Very historic, aristotle used them
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18
Q

blastomeres

A

small, maneuverable cells

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19
Q

cleavage

A

no growth, big mass dividing to a group of normal sized cells
polarity is established
- animal pole
- vegetal pole (yolk end)

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20
Q

4 basic ways of yolk distribution

A
  • Isolecithal
  • Mesolecithal
  • Telolecithal
  • Centrolecithal
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21
Q

Isolecithal

A

eggs with very little yolk, evenly distributed throughout the egg
cleave easily

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22
Q

Mesolecithal

A

moderate amount of yolk at vegetal pole

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23
Q

telolecithal

A

lots of yolk at vegetal pole

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24
Q

centrolecithal

A

large, centrally located yolk

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25
meroblastic
lots of yolk, cells sitting on top of undivided yolk incomplete cleavage
26
holoblastic
cleavage furrows extened completely through the egg
27
direct development
embryo to a miniature adult
28
indirect development
multiple developmental stages
29
matrotrophy
the mother norusishes the developing embryo (shortcut for both developments)
30
bastula
a cluster of cells, usually hollow (blastocoel)
31
blastocoel
one layer of germ cells (one tissue layer)
32
gastrulation
the conversion of the spherical blastula into a two or three layered embyro
33
archenteron
the internal pouch formed in gastrulation
34
blastopore
the opening to the archenteron
35
three primary germ cell layers: triploblastic
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
36
ectoderm
outermost germ layer; becomes integument and nervous system
37
endoderm
most of the GI tract, most of the internal organs
38
mesoderm
most connective tissues, fluids, and muscles
39
coelom
a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm, formed through one of two methods: - schizocoely - enterocoely
40
schizocoely
mesodermal band of tissue around gut forms before coelom. Splits mesodermal tissue. Coelom forms by ingression of mesoderm. in Protostomes
41
enterocoely
mesodferm forms two pockets of tissue, one on each side that eventually meet. coelom and mesoderm form at the same time. in deuterostome
42
protostomes
blastopore becomes mouth spiral cleavage
43
deteurostome
blastopore becomes anus radial cleavage
44
driesch experiment
sea urchin grinding and shaking
45
driesch and spemann/mangold
lead to the idea that every somatic cell contains the full genetic instructions for making an organism - leads to cloning of cell lines and whole organisms (stem cell research)
46
conditional specification
The ability of cells to achieve their respective fates by interactions with other cells.
47
primary induction
from the dorsal lip (ectoderm) during gastrulation, last real chance to make a whole new organism - gastrulation is really important
48
secondary induction
other cells types originate later from other induction events
49
primary streak
center of early embryonic growth in many animals
50
Synctial specification
a process that determines cell fates by involving interactions between parts of a single cell, rather than between cells
51
Synctium
single cell membrane surrounds multiple nuclei
52
Specification of body axes
Front/back (anteroposterior or top/bottom) Left/right Back/front (dorsoventral)
53
Very conserved genes
- hox - sonic hedgehog
54
Hox genes
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
55
Sonic hedgehog
signaling molecule released from neural tissue beneath spinal cord
56
segmentation (metamerism)
- division of the body into distinct segments -Gap genes -Pair-rule genes
57
gap genes
big segments
58
pair rule genes
divide the big segments into repeated segments
59
homeotic mutations
lead to the wrong body part forming in the wrong place
60
Protostomia clades
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
61
Mosaic development
Pattern of animal embryonic development in which each blastomere contributes a specific part of the adult body. highly influence by distribution of cytoplasm
62
regulative development
A pattern of animal embryonic development in which the fates of the first blastomeres are not absolutely fixed.
63
spiral cleavage
blastomeres cleave obliquely at 45 degree angles, results in cells somewhat offset from their parent cell (P)
64
radial cleavage
blastomeres cleave evenly in relation to each other. Results in symmetrical looking embyro (D)
65
bilaterial cleavage
cleavage on one side is a mirror image of the other example - ascidians
66
rotational cleavage
blastomeres divide at different times and some early blastomeres divide perpendicularly to others example - mammals
67
discoidal cleavage
cleavage restricted to a small disk of cytoplasm on top of yolk example - reptiles, most fish
68
Are all bilaterally symmetrical animals fundamentally similar?
yes
69
can we infere the anatomy of extinct ancestral species from developmetal genes?
no
70
is it possible that simple changes in developmental genes account for the wide diversity of organisms?
yes
71
amniotes
embryos form in a membranous sac, the amnion
72
four extraembryonic membranes
amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois
73
amnion
fluid filled sac that encoses the embryo and provides an aqueous environment in which the embryo floats, protected from mechanical shock and adhesions
74
chorion
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
75
allantois
repository for metabolic wastes during development + functions as a respiratory sruface for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
76
yolk sac
provides nourishment, very ancient
77
3 groups of mammals
monotremes, marsupials, placentals
78
monotremes
lay large, yolky eggs that closely resemble bird eggs platypus and echidna
79
marsupials
pouched mammals possums and kangaroos
80
placentals
94% class mammalia have a placenta
81
placenta
modified version of an amnioticegg involving substantial modification to the utereus
82
why isn't the placenta rejected by the mother's immune system?
it produces proteins and lymphocytes that supress the mother's immune system
83
placental development
1. Allantois becomes incoporated into umbilical chord 2. germinal period - (two weeks long in humans) embyro very resistant to outslide influence 3. embryonic period - next eight weeks, all major organs forming, embryo extremely sensitive to outside influence 4. fetal period - after two months, mostly growth and continued development
84
development of ectoderm
- Responsible for the nervous system - Ectoderm thickens to form neural plate above notochord, edges join, form neural tube. - Nerve cells grow and develop from cues exterior to the cell itself. They follow "road signs."
85
development of endoderm
- Forms the digestive system - Alimentary canal emerges from the primitive gut. Lungs, liver, pancreas emerge from foregut. - Gill arches and their derivatives (jaws, ears) emerge from endoderm.
86
development of mesoderm
- Forms muscles (Arise from repeated segments called somites) - Forms muscular organs such as heart

Zoology (3 decks)

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