Chapter 8 / Psychological Approaches Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 8 / Psychological Approaches Deck (19)
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1
Q

IQ (intelligence quotient)

A

A standardized measure of intelligence used by psychologists.

2
Q

feeble-mindedness

A

A term used in the 19th century to describe individuals with low intelligence or low IQ.

3
Q

psychoanalysis

A

A therapeutic technique in psychiatry and philosophy pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

4
Q

id

A

An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; the impulsive part of one’s personality.

5
Q

pleasure principle

A

The notion that one should maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

6
Q

superego

A

An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; one’s moral compass, conscience, and ethical principles.

7
Q

ego

A

An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; the aspect of personality that helps negotiate the demands of the real world.

8
Q

reality principle

A

The notion that one should access the demands of the real world and act accordingly.

9
Q

neurotic

A

According to psychoanalytic theory, a condition that results from an overactive superego.

10
Q

APD (anti-social personality disorder)

A

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of morality, impulsivity, and aggressive behaviour; individuals with APD often have a history of criminal behaviour.

11
Q

extraversion (E)

A

A person’s activity level; people high in extraversion enjoy social interaction and being around groups of people, while people low in extraversion generally prefer solitude and quiet conversations with those close to them

12
Q

neuroticism (N)

A

A person’s excitability level and emotional stability; highly neurotic people tend to be emotionally unstable and overreact to minor situations.

13
Q

psychoticism (P)

A

A measure of attributes such as aggression, empathy, and tough-mindedness; those who score high in psychoticism tend to be cold, callous, and manipulative.

14
Q

cortical arousal

A

Activation of the reticular formation of the brain.

15
Q

behaviourism

A

A learning theory that suggests all behaviours can be shaped by rewards and punishments.

16
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

The view that crime is a natural byproduct of aggression and can be only explained as a consequence of frustration.

17
Q

goal response

A

Behaviours meant to achieve particular goals that provide pleasurable outcomes.

18
Q

modelling

A

A form of learning that occurs through observation, of others and vicarious reinforcements; also known as observational learning or imitation.

19
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that is experience indirectly through observing another person’s behaviour being rewarded.