Chapter 8: Remembering and Judging

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

cognition

Answer 2

the processes of acquiring and using knowledge.

Question 3

Explicit memory

Answer 3

knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered.

Question 4

Episodic memory

Answer 4

type of explicit memory:the firsthand experiences that we have had (e.g., recollections of our high school graduation day or of the fantastic dinner we had in New York last year).

Question 5

Semantic memory

Answer 5

type of explicit memory: our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world (e.g., that the absolute value of −90 is greater than the absolute value of 9 and that one definition of the word affect‖ is ―the experience of feeling or emotion‖).

Question 6

recall memory test

Answer 6

a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered.

Question 7

recognition memory test

Answer 7

a measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before

Question 8

relearning (or savings)

Answer 8

assess how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten.

Question 9

Implicit memory

Answer 9

the influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those influences

Question 10

Procedural memory

Answer 10

type of implicit memory: our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things.

Question 11

classical conditioning effects

Answer 11

type of implicit memory: which we learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or a light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation

Question 12

priming

Answer 12

type of implicit memory: changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently.

Question 13

word fragment test

Answer 13

One measure of the influence of priming on implicit memory

Question 14

Sensory memory

Answer 14

the brief storage of sensory information.

Question 15

Visual sensory memory

Answer 15

is known as iconic memory. Participants had access to all of the letters in their iconic memories, and if the task was short enough, they were able to report on the part of the display he asked them to. decay very rapidly

Question 16

Auditory sensory memory is known as echoic memory

Answer 16

echoic memories can last as long as 4 seconds

Question 17

eidetic imagery (or photographic memory‖)

Answer 17

iconic memory seems to last longer

Question 18

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 18

the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute

Question 19

working memory

Answer 19

the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM

Question 20

central executive

Answer 20

the part of working memory that directs attention and processing. The central executive will make use of whatever strategies seem to be best for the given task

Question 21

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 21

the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory.

Question 22

chunking.

Answer 22

the process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM

Question 23

long-term memory (LTM),

Answer 23

memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years

Question 24

Encoding

Answer 24

the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory

Question 25

elaborative encoding

Answer 25

process new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful

Question 26

self-reference effect

Answer 26

powerful evidence that the self-concept helps us organize and remember information. The next time you are studying for an exam, you might try relating the material to your own experiences. The self-reference effect suggests that doing so will help you better remember the information

Question 27

spacing effect

Answer 27

the fact that learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time

Question 28

distributed practice

Answer 28

practice that is spread out over time. This is a better practice

Question 29

massed practice

Answer 29

practice that comes in one block

Question 30

overlearning

Answer 30

continuing to practice and study even when we think that we have mastered the material

Question 31

Retrieval

Answer 31

the process of reactivating information that has been stor in memory.

Question 32

Context-dependent learning

Answer 32

an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered.

Question 33

remembering,

Answer 33

state-dependent learning refers to superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding.

Question 34

primacy effect

Answer 34

a tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented early in a list

Question 35

recency effect

Answer 35

the tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented later in a list

Question 36

serial position curve

Answer 36

People are able to retrieve more words that were presented to them at the beginning and the end of the list than they are words that were presented in the middle of the list.