Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior

Question 1

People tend to perform better on tasks in front of others, this is ________ ____________.

Answer 1

social facilitation

Question 2

According to the ________-________ law of social facilitation, being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal. How does this affect the ability to do simple vs. complex tasks?

Answer 2

Yerkes-Dodson; enhances ability for simple tasks, hinders performance for complex tasks

Question 3

________________ describes the loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group oriented identity.

Also known as?

Answer 3

Deindividution

Mob mentality

Question 4

Deindividuation often leads to ____________________ behavior, that is, behavior not socially acceptable in most social circumstances. Where is this often seen?

Answer 4

antinormative behavior; often seen in riots or crowds

Question 5

________________ effect is another observed phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to assist those who are in perceived need when other people are present.

Answer 5

bystander

Question 6

The likelihood and timeliness of response in the bystandard effect is ____________ related to the # of bystanders.

Answer 6

inversely

Question 7

What explains bystander effect?

Answer 7

People are less likely to notice danger in groups. People also take cues from other people. If someone doesn’t respond, others are less likely to respond. Lastly, amount of responsibility felt by bystanders.

Question 8

________ ____________ refers to the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting.

Answer 8

Social loafing

Question 9

________ are individuals who are regarded as equals within a social group.

Answer 9

Peers

Question 10

________ ____________ refers to the social influence placed on an individual by one’s peers.

Answer 10

Peer pressure

Question 11

Changes in belief or behavior due to peer pressure can be explained by the ____________ ________ ________.

Answer 11

identity shift effect

Question 12

The identity shift effect highlights a larger theme in psych: ________________ ________________, which is the simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions that cause tension that an individual will strive to minimize.

Answer 12

cognitive dissonance

Will typically follow the crowd to avoid social rejection

Question 13

________ ________________ describes the tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.

Answer 13

Group polarization

Question 14

In group polarization, groups can either make riskier decisions, which is known as ________ ________, or make overly cautious decisions, ________ ________.

Answer 14

risky shift, choice shift

Question 15

________________ refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision.

Answer 15

Groupthink

desire for harmony and minimal conflict results in quick consensus

Question 16

What are some of the eight factors that are indicative of groupthink?

Answer 16

1. Illusion of invulnerability: encourage risks
2. Collective rationalization: ignore concerns
3. Illusion of morality: believe group ideas are morally correct
4. Excessive stereotyping: stereotype those with outside opinions
5. Pressure for conformity: pressured not to express opinions
6. Self-censorship: withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group
7. Illusion of unanimity: believe that others are just going to agree
8. Mindguards: protect group from opposing views

Question 17

A ____ is abehavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.

Answer 17

fad

Question 18

________ ____________ refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to society.

Answer 18

Mass hysteria

Question 19

________ can be defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people.

Answer 19

Culture

Question 20

When traveling outside of one’s own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic and are often referred to as ____________ ____________.

Answer 20

culture shock

Question 21

Cultural ________________ is the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.

Answer 21

assimilation

Question 22

An alternative to assimilation is the creation of ____________ ____________, which are locations with a high concetnration of one specific ethnicity, e.g. Chinatown.

Answer 22

ethnic enclaves

Question 23

________________ also known as cultural diversity, refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups. This encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences.

Answer 23

Multiculturalism

Question 24

____________ refer to groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong. They can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and other differentiating factors from the whole of society.

Answer 24

Subcultures

Question 25

In the case of ________________, the subculture group gravitates toward an identity that is at odds with the majority culture and deliberately opposes the prevailing social mores.

Answer 25

counterculture

Question 26

________________ refers to the process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.

Answer 26

Socialization

Question 27

Beliefs, customs, and cultural norms are often passed down from one generation to another within a society in a process called ________________ ____________________.

Answer 27

Cultural transmission

Question 28

Spread of norms, customs, and beliefs from one culture to another can also occur, and is called ____________ ________________.

Answer 28

cultural diffusion

Question 29

____________ ________________ occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our caregivers and other adults in close proximity.

Answer 29

Primary socialization

Question 30

____________ ____________________ is the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society. Occurs outside of the home, like school or church.

Answer 30

Secondary socialization

Question 31

________________ ____________________ is the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations or relationships.

Answer 31

Anticipatory socizliation | e.g. shadowing a doctor

Question 32

____________________ is the process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones.

Answer 32

Resocialization | e.g. OCS indoctrination

Question 33

________ are societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. ________ are widely obesrved social norms.

Answer 33

norms; mores

Question 34

While norms are not laws, they do provide a mechanism for regulating the behavior of individuals and groups and thereby serve as a means of ________ ________.

Answer 34

social control

Question 35

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior, called ____________, can also be used to maintain social control.

Answer 35

sanctions | negative = punish deviant behavior positive = reward compliant behavior

Question 36

________ sanctions are enforced by social institutions like governments or employers and can include promotion or jail sentence.

Answer 36

Formal

Question 37

____________ sanctions are enforced by social groups, like sitting at a particular table in the cafeteria or social exclusion.

Answer 37

Informal

Question 38

________ are norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, e.g. shaking hands.

Answer 38

Folkways

Question 39

Any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values is called an ________ of ____________________.

Answer 39

agent of socialization

Question 40

____________ refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society.

Answer 40

Deviance

Question 41

________ ________ is the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.

Answer 41

Social stigma

Question 42

Deviance, stigmatization, and reputation are strongly linked with the labeling theory. What does theory posit?

Answer 42

Labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also their own self-image

Question 43

Internalizing a label and assuming the role implied by the label may lead to the assumed role taking over a person's identity, a phenomenon known as ________ ________________.

Answer 43

role engulfment

Question 44

According to ________________ ________________ theory, deviance, particularly criminal behavior, can be learned through interactions with others. It is the degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them.

Answer 44

differential association theory | someone who interacts with deviants will likely do it too

Question 45

________ theory attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure.

Answer 45

strain

Question 46

____________ is matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group or societal norms.

Answer 46

Conformity

Question 47

Conformity is also known as ____________ ____________.

Answer 47

majority influence

Question 48

The Asch experiments showed the strength of social influence on ________________ ________________, the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection.

Answer 48

normative conformity

Question 49

________________ involves changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group.

Answer 49

Internalization

Question 50

________________ refers to the outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas.

Answer 50

Identification

Question 51

What is a popular experimental example of conformity?

Answer 51

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment - prisoners and guards, fell into their roles

Question 52

____________ is a change in behavior based on a direct request.

Answer 52

Compliance

Question 53

The ____________________________ technique begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.

Answer 53

foot-in-the-door

Question 54

The next technique is called the ____________________ technique, which is where a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.

Answer 54

door in the face

Question 55

Another common compliance method is ____________ technique, where the requester will get an initial commitment from an individual, then raise the cost of the commitment.

Answer 55

lowball

Question 56

Another compliance method is the ________________ technique in which an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected.

Answer 56

that's not all

Question 57

While compliance deals with requests made by people without actual authority over an individual, ________________ is changing one's behavior in response to a direct order or expectation expressed by an authority figure.

Answer 57

obedience

Question 58

What is popular experimental example of obedience?

Answer 58

Stanley Milgram's teacher/learner giving shocks - participants very obedient

Question 59

Social ________________ focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior.

Answer 59

cognition

Question 60

An ____________ is the expression of positive or negative feeling toward a person, place, thing, or scenario.

Answer 60

attitude

Question 61

What are the 3 primary components of attitude?

Answer 61

1. affective 2. behavioral 3. cognitive

Question 62

The ____________ component of attitude refers to the way a person feels toward something, and is the emotional component of attitude.

Answer 62

affective

Question 63

The ________________ component of attitude is the way a person acts with respect to something.

Answer 63

behavioral

Question 64

Finally, the ________________ component of attitude is the way an individual thinks about something.

Answer 64

cognitive

Question 65

The functional attitudes theory states that attitudes serve what four functions?

Answer 65

1. knowledge 2. ego expression 3. adaptation 4. ego defense

Question 66

The ________ function can be summerized as follows: attitudes help provide thought/experience organization, and knowing the attitudes of others helps predict behavior.

Answer 66

knowledge

Question 67

Attitudes facilitate being ____-____________, allowing us to communicate and solidfy our self-identity.

Answer 67

ego-expressive | e.g. wearing a team hat

Question 68

____________ attitude is the idea that expressed socially acceptable attitudes will lead to acceptance.

Answer 68

adaptive

Question 69

Lastly, attitudes are ____-____________ if they protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong.

Answer 69

ego-defensive

Question 70

____________ theory posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning. What are some examples?

Answer 70

Learning; direct instruction, others' attitudes, observation, classical/operant conditioning

Question 71

The ________________ ________________ model is a theory of attitude formation and attitude change that separates individuals on a continuuum based on how they process persuasive information.

Answer 71

elaboration likelihood

Question 72

One extreme of the elaboration likelihood model is those who elaborate extensively (think deeply scrutinize meaning, etc.), this type of deep thinking is called ____________ ____________ processing.

Answer 72

central route

Question 73

When an attempt to influence attitudes uses information that appeals to central route processing, this attempt is said to be using the __________ __________ to ______________.

Answer 73

central route to persuasion

Question 74

In the elaboration likelihood model, those who do not elaborate and focus instead on superficial details such as the appearance of the person delivering the argument, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility. This type of processing is known as _________________ _________ processing.

Answer 74

peripheral route

Question 75

When attempts to influence attitudes appeal to peripheral route processing, these attempts are said to be using the ___________________ ___________ to _________________.

Answer 75

peripheral route to persuasion

Question 76

________ ____________ theory postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others.

Answer 76

social cognitive