Chapter 8 - Solutions Flashcards
What’s a Solvent?
Does the dissolving.
What are homogenous mixtures?
They have uniform properties and components through out.
What’s a Solute?
Is dissolved.
What is a Saturated Solution?
It is a solution in which no more solute will dissolve under the existing conditions of temperature and pressure.
What is an Unsaturated Solution?
A solution that contains less than the quantity of solute needed to saturate it under the existing conditions.
What is a supersaturated solution?
It is a solution in which contains more solute than a saturated solution would normally hold under the existing conditions of temperature and pressure.
How do you create a supersaturated solution?
Prepare a saturated solution at high temperatures and then cool it back to room temperature. Toffee
Like dissolves Like
Polar substances will dissolve in polar solvents and Non-Polar substances will dissolve in Non-Polar solutes.
What happens to gases in liquids when the temperature increases?
The solubilities of gases in liquids decrease with increasing temperature. This explains the bubbles that first appear when water is being heated.
How does the increase in temperature and the decrease in the solubility of gases affect the environment?
Is the temperature of the water in rivers, lakes and oceans increases slightly, then it will contain less oxygen - possible not enough oxygen to support aquatic life.
When pressure increases …
The solubility of the gas increases.
What is dissociation?
Dissociation is the process involving the breaking apart of an ionic lattice into separated ions.
What are Electrolytes?
Electrolytes are substances that produce ions in solution (water).
Ionic compounds are Strong Electrolytes why?
They COMPLETELY break up into ions when they dissolve in water.
What are Non-Electrolytes?
Non-electrolytes are substances that have molecules that remain intact during the formation of the aqueous solution.
What is Ionisation?
Ionisation is the process in which a neutral species form on or more ions.
What are Weak Electrolytes?
Where only some of the dissolved molecules form ions.
Strong Acids
HNO3 - Nitric Acid H2SO4 - Sulfuric Acid HCL -Hydrochloric Acid HBr - Hydrobromic Acid HI - Hydroiodic Acid HCLO4 - Perchloric Acid
Weak Acid
CH3COOH - Acetic Acid HF - Hydrofluoric Acid H3PO4 - Phosphoric Acid H2SO3 - Sulfurous Acid HNO2 - Nitrous Acid HCLO - Hypochlorous Acid H2CO3 - Carbonic Acid HCN - Hydrogen Cyanide H2S - Hydrogen Sulfide CH3CH(OH)COOH - Lactic Acid C6H8O7 - Citric Acid NH4+ - Ammonium Ion HSO4 - Hydrogensulfate ion
Strong Bases
Metal Hydroxides
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Weak bases
NH3 - Ammonia HCO3 - Hydrogencarbonate ion CO3^-2 - Carbonate Ion S^-2 - Sulfide Ion PO4^-3 - Phosphate Ion CH3COO^- - Acetate Ion F- - Fluoride Ion
What is Concentration?
Concentration is the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent.
What is a Concentrated Solution?
A Concentrated Solution is one in which a large amount of solute is dissolved in a relatively small volume of solvent.
What is Dilution?
Dilution is the process of adding more solvent to a solution.
