Chapter 8 - The Adaptive Mind

Question 1

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 1

stimulus that elicits an unlearned response (instinctual stimulus)
ex) food

Question 2

unconditioned response

Answer 2

unlearned reaction
ex) dog drools for food

Question 3

conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

stimulus that elicits a response because it’s paired with an unconditioned stimulus
ex) bell

Question 4

conditioned response

Answer 4

response similar to unconditioned response
ex) dog drools for bell

Question 5

little albert experiment

Answer 5

UCS = loud noise
UCR = fear
CS = white rat
CR = fear

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

consequences of a behavior lead to changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence

Question 7

positive reinforcement

Answer 7

reinforcement = reward increases probability the behavior will repeat
reinforcer = the reward

Question 8

positive reinforcement requirements

Answer 8

1. timing (reward & behavior = close together)
2. consistency (presently every time)
3. true positive reinforcer (reward is good enough)

Question 9

reinforcer types

Answer 9

1. primary = innately reinforcing (food, warmth)
2. secondary = learned through classical conditioning (money, applause)

Question 10

continuous reinforcement

Answer 10

reinforcer = given every time

Question 11

fixed ratio

Answer 11

reinforcer given only after a specific number of behaviors
ex) paycheck after fixing 5 cars

Question 12

variable ratio

Answer 12

reinforcer given after a varying number of behaviors
ex) slot machines
- best reinforcement scheduele

Question 13

fixed interval schedule

Answer 13

reinforcer given after a fixed amount of time
ex) food given every 5 min

Question 14

variable interval schedule

Answer 14

reinforcer given after a variable amount of time
ex) food given approximately every 5 min

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

removing a bad thing reinforces desired behavior

Question 16

punishment

Answer 16

consequence of a behavior discourages it happening again

Question 17

positive punishment

Answer 17

presenting a bad stimulus
ex) yelling/hitting

Question 18

negative punishment

Answer 18

taking away a good stimulus
ex) take away toys

Question 19

extinction

Answer 19

process of unlearning a learned response
- classical: CS no longer paired with UCS
- operant: consequence changes/no longer reinforced

Question 20

modeling

Answer 20

learning based on observation of others’ behavior

Question 21

bobo experiment

Answer 21

children modeled what they saw