Chapter 8: Traits

Question 1

What is the Nomothetic view of Traits?

Answer 1

The belief that traits exist in the same way in every person

Question 2

What is the Idiographic view of Traits?

Answer 2

The belief that each person has a unique set of traits

Question 3

Name the Trait Approach:
A kind person might become aggressive in a particular situation

Answer 3

Person/Environment Interaction

Question 4

Name the Trait Approach:
We tend to see different situations and stimuli in the same way. Ex: If a person’s goal is social approval, there’ll be a consistency towards their behaviours

Answer 4

Functional Equivalence

Question 5

Name the Trait Approach:
Traits shared by most people in a culture

Answer 5

Common Traits

Question 6

Name the Trait Approach:
A trait unique to the person

Answer 6

Personal Disposition

Question 7

Name the Trait Approach:
There’s no point in looking where your traits come from - it’s become functionally autonomous

Answer 7

Functional Autonomy of Motives

Question 8

Name the Trait Approach:
The core of personality

Answer 8

Proprium

Question 9

Name the Trait Approach:
A small group of traits that best describes your personality

Answer 9

Central Dispositions/Traits

Question 10

Name the Trait Approach:
Personal Disposition that dominates personality

Answer 10

Cardinal Dispositions/Traits

Question 11

Name the Trait Approach:
Traits that are inconsistent and infrequent

Answer 11

Secondary Dispositions/Traits

Question 12

What is Factor Analysis?

Answer 12

Clumps together the items that correlate highly together

Question 13

What is the Lexical Hypothesis?

Answer 13

Traits important for survival became embedded in language; most important traits represented by the largest number of words. (friendliness, agreeableness)

Question 14

What is Q-Data?

Answer 14

Gathered from self-reports and questionnaires

Question 15

What is T-Data?

Answer 15

Observational ratings

Question 16

What is L-Data?

Answer 16

Lide data

Question 17

What are Component Traits?

Answer 17

Your habits and preferences

Question 18

Eysenck - Introversion and Emotional Stability

Answer 18

A person who is controlled, careful, thoughtful, calm, and self-reflective

Question 19

Eysenck - Introversion and Neuroticism

Answer 19

Someone who is highly anxious, quiet, withdrawn, pensive, and worried

Question 20

Eysenck - Extraversion and Emotional stability

Answer 20

People who have lots of friends, not many worries or anxieties, sociable, easy going, and socially skilled

Question 21

Eysenck - Extraversion and Neuroticism

Answer 21

Someone with lots of anxiety, difficult time managing emotions, outwardly focused, histrionic, worried all the time, impulsive, aggressive, and excitable

Question 22

Eysenck - Psychoticism

Answer 22

A tendency towards being emotionally detached, lack of empathy and concern

Question 23

The 5 Factor Model - Extraversion scale

Answer 23

Someone assertive, spontaneous, confident, sociable, etc.
On the opposite end, quiet, introspective, pessimistic, cautious.

Question 24

The 5 Factor Model - Neuroticism

Answer 24

Anxiety, distress, emotional instability, stress, etc.
Opposite end - Stable, calm, even tempered, focused

Question 25

The 5 Factor Model - Agreeableness

Answer 25

Focused on relationships, emotionally supportive, trusting, altruistic, sympathetic Opposite end - skeptic, cynicism, hostile, dishonest

Question 26

The 5 Factor Model - Conscientiousness

Answer 26

Planning, persistent, goal oriented, responsible, orderly Opposite end - Risky behaviours, careless, impulsive, irresponsible, late, disorganized

Question 27

The 5 Factor Model - Openness to Experience

Answer 27

Imaginative, curious, artistic, liberalism, unconventional Opposite end - Rigid, predictable, traditionally bound, conforming

Question 28

Alternative Perspectives - Honesty & Humility

Answer 28

Trustworthiness, fairness, sincerity, modesty *Argued as a component of agreeableness

Question 29

Nonclinical Psychopathy

Answer 29

being unemotional, very impulsive, not much empathy, high in risk taking

Question 30

Nonclinical Narcissism

Answer 30

entitlement, superiority complex, arrogant, self-centred

Question 31

Machiavellianism

Answer 31

cynical, manipulative, using others to satisfy your own goals, lack of empathy, cold, distant

Question 32

Condensing Traits - Socialization

Answer 32

neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Question 33

Condensing Traits - Actualization

Answer 33

extraversion, openness, represents personal growth and development

Question 34

Condensing Traits - Stability vs. Plasticity

Answer 34

stability instead of socialization - Plasticity instead of Actualization

Question 35

Motives - Achievement

Answer 35

the need to accomplish things, complete goals, do well

Question 36

Motives - Affiliation

Answer 36

the need to be close with others

Question 37

Motives - Power and Dominance

Answer 37

the need to control yourself and others, take leadership positions

Question 38

Motives - Exhibition

Answer 38

the need to be recognized, the want for accolades

Question 39

Expressiveness

Answer 39

vocal characteristics, facial expressions, gestures and movements

Question 40

Prayer Fulfillment

Answer 40

feelings of joy from a connection to God

Question 41

Universality

Answer 41

seeing all of humanity as a part of an integrated whole

Question 42

Connectedness

Answer 42

feeling of belongingness, social responsibility, and gratitude for others

Question 43

Personality Coherence

Answer 43

the trait stays the same but the way it is expressed changes

Question 44

Mean Level Changes

Answer 44

how your personality changes with age - often becomes more stable

Question 45

Rank Order Changes

Answer 45

what are the changes in your personality compared to the other people your age?

Question 46

Quantum Changes

Answer 46

when personalities change radically (usually due to a significant experience)

Question 47

Temperament

Answer 47

is predictive of personality traits in childhood and adolescence

Question 48

Social Investment Theory

Answer 48

young people's personalities mature and stabilize as they enter important adult roles