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biology module 3 exchange and transport > chapter 8 transport in animals > Flashcards

chapter 8 transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

why are specialised transport systems needed?

A

•metabolic demands of multicellular organisms are high
•smaller SA:V
•molecules like hormones may be made in one place and needed in another
•food will be digested in one organ system but needs to be transported to every cell for use in respiration
•waste products of metabolism need to be removed from cells and transported to excretory organs

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2
Q

what are the common features of circulatory systems?

A

•have a liquid transport medium that circulates around the system
•have vessels that carry transport medium
•have a pumping mechanism to move fluid around system

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3
Q

what is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

A

•closed is where blood is enclosed in blood vessels and doesn’t come into direct contact with cells
•open is with a heart but has few vessels to contain transport medium

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4
Q

what is the open body cavity of an organism with an open circulatory system called?

A

haemocoel

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5
Q

is the transport medium under high or low pressure in the haemocoel?

A

low pressure

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6
Q

what is the transport medium in insects?

A

haemolymph

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7
Q

what does haemolymph transport?

A

food, nitrogenous waste products and the cells involved in defence against disease

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8
Q

why can haemolymph flowing to particular tissues not be varied?

A

steep concentration gradients cannot be maintained for efficient diffusion

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9
Q

how do substances enter and leave the blood in a closed circulatory system?

A

diffusion through walls of blood vessels

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10
Q

give 2 examples of animals with single closed circulatory systems.

A

annelid worms and fish

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11
Q

what happens in each of the 2 sets of capillaries in a single closed circulatory system?

A

1•exchanges O2 and CO2
2•substances are exchanged between blood and cells

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12
Q

what is the result of passing through 2 sets of narrow blood vessels in single closed circulatory systems? what does this limit?

A

blood pressure drops considerably so the blood returns to the heart slowly. this limits the efficiency of gas exchange processes so animals with these have low activity

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13
Q

what do fish have that allows them to be active despite a single closed circulatory system?

A

countercurrent gaseous exchange in gills which allows them to take lots of O2 from water. they also do not need to maintain their own body temp/weight

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14
Q

what does a double closed circulatory system allow animals to do?

A

lets them be active and maintain body temperature

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15
Q

what happens in a double closed circulatory system?

A

•blood is pumped from heart to lungs to pick up O2 and unload CO2 and then returns to the heart
•blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart again

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16
Q

what are the 2 circuits in a double circulatory system?

A

•pulmonary which takes blood to the lungs
•systemic which takes blood around the body

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17
Q

what do elastic fibres do in blood vessels?

A

composed of elastin they can stretch and recoil providing flexibility to vessel walls

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18
Q

what does smooth muscle do in blood vessels?

A

contracts or relaxes to change the size of the lumen

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19
Q

what does collagen do in blood vessels?

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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20
Q

what are the qualities of blood in the arteries?

A

•it is carried at high pressure
•it is carried away from to heart to the body
•it is usually oxygenated

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21
Q

how do arteries allow blood to travel at high pressure around the body?

A

they have elastic fibres which help them to withstand the force of the blood and to stretch to take in larger volumes of blood. in between contractions they also recoil and return to their original length.

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22
Q

what does the endothelium do?

A

it is the thin layer bordering the lumen and it is smooth so allows blood to flow over it

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23
Q

what do arterioles do?

A

link arteries and capillaries. they can constrict and dilate to control the flow of blood into individual organs

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24
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

a bulge or weakness in a blood vessel that eventually bursts and can be fatal

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25
what are capillaries?
microscopic blood vessels linking arterioles to venules. they form an extensive network through all tissues in the body
26
why are capillaries specialised for transport of substances?
•provide a large surface area for diffusion of substances into and out of the blood •the total cross sectional area of the capillaries is always greater than the arteriole supplying them so rate of flow falls. therefore the slow movement allows more time for diffusion •walls are a single cell thick meaning the diffusion distance is very small
27
what do veins do?
carry usually deoxygenated blood from tissues towards the heart and they have valves to prevent backflow of blood
28
what is the difference between the inferior and superior vena cava?
•Inferior transports blood from the lower parts of the body •Superior transports blood from the head and upper body
29
what do venules do?
Allows blood to flow from capillaries to veins
30
why do veins not have a pulse?
the surges from the heart pumping are lost as the blood passes through narrow capillaries meaning veins carry blood at a lower pressure however the carry more of it
31
what are the arteries composed of?
tough collagen layer, thick smooth muscle layer, thick elastic layer, endothelium, thinner lumen
32
what are the veins composed of?
tough collagen layer, thin smooth muscle, thin elastic layer, endothelium, large lumen, valves
33
what are capillaries composed of?
endothelium and microscopic lumen
34
how is blood forced up the vein?
the veins are flattened by surrounding muscle
35
what are the 3 types of fluid associated with the circulatory system?
blood, tissue fluid, lymph
36
what are the contents of the blood?
Erythrocytes, lymphocytes, plasma, platelets, hormones, proteins, ions, dissolved O2 and CO2, dissolved nutrients
37
what is tissue fluid?
fluid that surrounds cells allowing for transport between blood and cells via diffusion.
38
what are the 2 factors which contribute to the formation of tissue fluid?
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
39
what is hydrostatic pressure?
the force that H2O molecules exert against things they’re inside
40
what is osmotic pressure?
also called oncotic pressure or osmosis. it is the movement of water
41
what blood vessel allows for tissue fluid to form?
capillaries because they have partially permeable walls
42
what is the main source of hydrostatic pressure?
pressure of blood from heart contractions
43
what moves with tissue fluid and what doesn’t?
•with- dissolved nutrients and gases •without- plasma proteins and cells
44
why is the blood within the capillaries of a more negative water potential than the fluid outside?
net loss of H2O molecules due to hydrostatic forces
45
describe the net movement at each end of the capillary.
•arterial end has a net loss of fluid •venous end has a net gain of fluid
46
What happens to the tissue fluid that is not reabsorbed?
the net excess is drained into the vessels of lymph and the fluid becomes known as lymph
47
where does lymph go to?
it passes through the body and drains back into the circulatory system
48
what are the contents of lymph?
dissolved CO2 and lymphocytes
49
what is a risk of damaged lymph drainage vessels?
•oedema- accumulation of tissue fluid causing swelling •build up of waste products •requires manual draining
50
suggest 2 advantages of keeping blood inside the blood vessels.
•flow can be directed •increased rate of blood flow •maintain higher bp
51
what are 4 adaptations of an erythrocyte?
•no nucleus- more space for haemoglobin •biconcave shape- increased SA •small and flexible- to pass through narrow capillaries •packed with haemoglobin
52
describe the structure of haemoglobin.
•4 globular proteins (amino groups) •1 Fe2+ ion (prosthetic group)
53
how many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry?
•4 O2 molecules. •it becomes saturated when it is carrying all 4 possible O2 molecules
54
describe an oxygen dissociation curve.
•s-shaped curve •%Hb saturation isn’t directly proportional to partial pressure of O2
55
what does oxygen dissociating mean?
O2 releases from oxyhaemoglobin
56
What is Hb conformation and how does it change?
•shape of Hb •after the first O2 joins the shape changes making it easier for the second and third O2 to join but it is very hard for the 4th one to join.
57
does foetal haemoglobin have a stronger or weaker affinity for oxygen than adult? why?
stronger because foetal and maternal blood do not mix meaning the baby’s blood must be able to take the oxygen from the mothers blood and it can do this because it has a stronger attraction to O2
58
Is the myoglobin O2 dissociation curve to the left or right of the foetal and adult haemoglobin?
to the left because it has a much higher affinity for O2. it is an oxygen binding molecule found in skeletal muscles and releases O2 slowly
59
what are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported?
•dissolved in plasma(5%) •associated with Hb to form carbaminohaemoglobin (10%) •transported as (HCO3)- ions (85%)
60
Describe the main way in which CO2 is transported and how O2 is released from Hb.
•CO2 dissolves in water due to the presence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3 •H2CO3 dissociates released H+ ions and hydrogen carbonate ions •hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of erythrocytes into blood stream and Cl- ions shift into erythrocyte to maintain charge •HbO8 dissociates in the presence of H+ to release 4O2. •H+ ions bind to haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid (HHb)
61
what is the bohr effect?
•in CO2 rich environment more O2 dissociates from oxyhaemoglobin •O2 dissociation curve shifts to the right as pCO2 increases the % saturation of Hb with O2 decreases because HbO8 dissociates to Hb + 4O2
62
what is the order of blood flow through the heart?
1. inferior/superior vena cava(deoxygenated blood) 2. right atrium (atrio ventricular valve) 3. right ventricle (pulmonary semi-lunar valve) 4. pulmonary artery (through lungs) 5. pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood) 6. left atrium (atrioventricular valve) 7. left ventricle (aortic semi-lunar valve) 8. aorta 9. body
63
what is the function of the septum?
separates LHS/RHS of heart preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing
64
what is the apex?
bottom point of the heart
65
explain why a child with a hole in the ventricular septum will need surgery.
•oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will mix •if this happens it will affect the concentration gradient in the lungs meaning less oxygen will diffuse into the blood •it will also mean less oxygen gets to the tissues so less energy from respiration
66
what are the technical names for contraction and relaxation of heart muscles?
•systole is contraction •diastole is relaxation
67
what is blood pressure and what is the average blood pressure?
Systole/Diastole 90/60 ~ 120/80 is average
68
what is the order of the cardiac cycle?
1. atria systole 2. ventricular systole 3. diastole
69
Describe step 1 of the cardiac cycle.
•begins in right atrium •SAN (sino atrial node) spontaneously contracts sending an electrical signal across the right atrium •doesn’t need a nerve impulse to contract
70
describe step 2 of the cardiac cycle.
•the electrical impulse from the SAN sweeps through both atria •this causes atrial systole (p wave on ECG)
71
describe step 3 of cardiac cycle.
•the AVN (atrioventricular node) holds onto electrical impulse from SAN. •AVN delays impulse for fraction of a second before it travels into the ventricles. •this delay allows the ventricles to contract after the atria.
72
describe step 4 of the cardiac cycle.
•purkyne tissue takes signal from AVN to apex of the heart •once it reaches the base it sweeps upwards through the ventricle walls (QRS wave on ECG) •ventricles then contract
73
describe step 5 of the cardiac cycle.
•ventricles relax (T wave on ECG) •the muscle in the SAN contracts again and then the whole sequence runs again

biology module 3 exchange and transport (3 decks)

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