Chapter 9,10,11

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 1

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Question 2

Where is skeletal muscle found?

Answer 2

Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements.

Question 3

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 3

Involuntary.

Question 4

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 4

In the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels.

Question 5

What are the main functions of muscle tissue?

Answer 5

Movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, and heat generation.

Question 6

What is the structural unit of a muscle fiber?

Answer 6

The sarcomere.

Question 7

What proteins form the thick and thin filaments in muscle fibers?

Answer 7

Myosin (thick) and actin (thin).

Question 8

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

Answer 8

Stores and releases calcium ions needed for muscle contraction.

Question 9

What is a motor unit?

Answer 9

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 10

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 10

The site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.

Question 11

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine.

Question 12

What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Answer 12

It describes how actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere, causing muscle contraction.

Question 13

What is an isotonic contraction?

Answer 13

A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length while the tension remains constant.

Question 14

What is an isometric contraction?

Answer 14

A muscle contraction where the muscle does not change length but generates tension.

Question 15

What is muscle tone?

Answer 15

The continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles, helping maintain posture.

Question 16

What is the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers?

Answer 16

Fast-twitch fibers contract quickly and fatigue easily, while slow-twitch fibers contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue.

Question 17

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Answer 17

ATP provides energy for the cross-bridge cycle and muscle relaxation.

Question 18

What is the purpose of creatine phosphate in muscle cells?

Answer 18

It provides a rapid source of energy to regenerate ATP.

Question 19

What causes muscle fatigue?

Answer 19

Depletion of energy sources, accumulation of metabolic waste products, and ion imbalances.

Question 20

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 20

An increase in muscle size due to strength training.

Question 21

What are the major muscles involved in respiration?

Answer 21

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Question 22

What is the function of the deltoid muscle?

Answer 22

Abducts the arm.

Question 23

Which muscle group is responsible for flexing the forearm at the elbow?

Answer 23

The biceps brachii.

Question 24

What is the function of the triceps brachii?

Answer 24

Extends the forearm at the elbow.

Question 25

What muscle is the prime mover for flexion of the thigh?

Answer 25

The iliopsoas.

Question 26

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

Answer 26

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

Question 27

What is the role of the quadriceps femoris group?

Answer 27

Extends the knee.

Question 28

What is the function of the hamstring muscles?

Answer 28

Flex the knee and extend the hip.

Question 29

Which muscle is known as the 'calf muscle'?

Answer 29

The gastrocnemius.

Question 30

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 30

Rotates and flexes the neck.

Question 31

What muscle forms the bulk of the chest?

Answer 31

The pectoralis major.

Question 32

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 32

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

Question 33

Which muscle elevates the scapula?

Answer 33

The levator scapulae.

Question 34

What muscle compresses the abdominal contents?

Answer 34

The transversus abdominis.

Question 35

What is the role of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 35

Extends and laterally rotates the hip.

Question 36

Which muscle abducts the thigh?

Answer 36

The gluteus medius.

Question 37

What is the function of the masseter muscle?

Answer 37

Elevates the mandible (jaw), enabling chewing.

Question 38

What muscle assists in dorsiflexion of the foot?

Answer 38

The tibialis anterior.

Question 39

What muscle assists in plantarflexion of the foot?

Answer 39

The soleus.

Question 40

Which muscle retracts the scapula?

Answer 40

The rhomboids.

Question 41

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 41

The point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone.

Question 42

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 42

The point where a muscle attaches to the bone it moves.

Question 43

What is a prime mover (agonist)?

Answer 43

A muscle that is primarily responsible for a specific movement.

Question 44

What is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 44

A muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

Question 45

What is a synergist muscle?

Answer 45

A muscle that assists the prime mover in performing its action.

Question 46

What is a fixator muscle?

Answer 46

A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover.

Question 47

What is a lever in biomechanics?

Answer 47

A rigid structure (bone) that moves around a fixed point (joint) when force is applied.

Question 48

What are the three classes of levers?

Answer 48

First-class, second-class, and third-class levers.

Question 49

What is an example of a first-class lever in the body?

Answer 49

The neck, where the atlanto-occipital joint acts as the fulcrum.

Question 50

What is an example of a third-class lever in the body?

Answer 50

The forearm during bicep curls, where the elbow is the fulcrum, and the biceps provide the effort.