Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 220 > Chapter 9 & 10 - Molecular structure of DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Chapter 9 & 10 - Molecular structure of DNA and RNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four criteria that genetic material must fulfil to be called as so?

A
  1. Information: it must contain the necessary information that make an entire organism.
  2. Transmission: It must be passed from parents to offspring
  3. replication: It must be copied in order to be passed from parents to offspring
  4. variation: It must be capable for change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why genetic information must be capable of change?

A

To account for the known phenotypic variation in each species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who is the scientist that did experiment using two strains of bacteria?

A

It was Frederick Griffith.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of Smooth bacteria?

A
  1. It secrets a polysaccharide capsule

2. produce smooth colonies on a solid media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the characteristics of Rough bacteria?

A
  1. unable to secrete a capsule

2. produce colonies with a rough appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Avery, Macleod and McCarty do?

A

They realized that Griffith’s observation could be used to identify the genetic material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Hershey and Chase provided evidence for?

A

They provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material of T2 phages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nucleotides made of ?

A

They are made of repeating unites of nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why DNA have 3-D structure?

A

It results from folding and bending of the double helix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the components of Nucleotides?

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. sugars
  3. Bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do we call the base and the sugar alone?

A

Nucleoside (Adenosine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do we call the base, the sugar and one phosphate group

A

Nucleotide (Adenosine monophosphate.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did James Watson and Francis Crick did?

A

They elucidated the double helical structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who are the scientist that James Watson and Francis Crick based their framework on?

A
  1. Linus Pauling
  2. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
  3. Erwin Chargaff
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Linus Pauling propose?

A

He proposed that region of the protein can be folded into a secondary structure called alfa helix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin propose?

A

She used X-ray fraction to study wet fibers of DNA and provide information concerning the structure of a molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff’s propose?

A

He pioneered many of the biochemical techniques for the isolation, purification, and measurement of nucleic acid from living cells. He analyzed the base composition of DNA isolated from many different species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many bases in a complete turn of helix?

A

There are 10 base pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the length per complete turn helix?

A

It is 3.4 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the DNA sequence necessary for?

A
  1. RNA synthesis and cellular protein
  2. Compaction of Chromosome
  3. Segregation of chromosomes
  4. Replication of chromosomes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a transposable element?

A

It is a segment of DNA that can move to different sites within chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How long is bacterial chromosome?

A

It is few million base pair in length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How long is Eukaryotic chromosome?

A

It is ten to hundred million base pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long is the genes in simple eukaryotic cell?

A

Several hundreds base pair in length.

25
Q

Why is the more complex eukaryotic cell longer that the simpler ones?

A

Because The complex ones have many intron.

26
Q

How long is the introns in complex eukaryotic cells?

A

It is from 100 to more than 10000 base pairs in length.

27
Q

What are the three DNA sequencing that are required for replication and segregation to occur?

A
  1. Telomere
  2. centromere
  3. origin of replication.
28
Q

What is the function of origin of replication?

A

It is necessary to initiate the replication process.

29
Q

What is the function of Centromere?

A

It plays roles in the segregation of chromosomes.

30
Q

What is the function of telemores?

A

It plays role in the replication and stability.

31
Q

where are the telemeters located?

A

They are located at each end of the chromosome.

32
Q

How many origin of replication in Eukaryotic cells?

A

There are multiple origin of replication.

33
Q

What is the reason for differences in size of chromosome in eukaryotic cells?

A

The reason behind that is the accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences

34
Q

Who discovered the transposable element?

A

The scientist Barbara McClintock from her classical studies in corn.

35
Q

What are the different transposition pathways?

A
  1. simple transposition: moves directly into the new target position
  2. Retro transposition: it moves via RNA intermediate.
36
Q

What is an Exons?

A

It is the region of genes that encodes for protein.

37
Q

How long is a single set of chromosome stretched?

A

It would be 1 meter long that must fit in 2-4 Micro meter diameter of cell.

38
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

It is DNA-protein complex.

39
Q

Are the Protein that are bound to DNA permanent or they changes?

A

They are subject to changes during the life of the cell.

40
Q

What is Nucleosomes?

A

It is the repeating structural units of within eukaryotic chromosomes.

41
Q

What is nucleosomes composed of?

A

It is composed of double stranded segment of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone protein.

42
Q

What is the histone protein composed of?

A

A globular domain and an Amino-terminal tail. It has many positively charged amino acids that get attracted to the negatively charge phosphate of DNA backbone.

43
Q

What are the four main type of histone?

A
  1. H2A
  2. H2B
  3. H3
    4 H4
44
Q

What is the function of H1 histone?

A

It helps organize adjacent nucleosomes.

45
Q

How many nucleotide base are there in RNA?

A

There are several hundreds to several thousands of nucleotide base pairs.

46
Q

How many template of DNA is used for RNA synthesis?

A

Only one template of DNA is used.

47
Q

Why occasionally RAN forms double helix structure?

A

It happens because of the complementary base paring between uracil, adenine, and cytosine and guanine.

48
Q

How many base pair are there in one turn of RNA double helix?

A

There are 11 to 12 base pairs.

49
Q

Which enzyme produces a double-stranded DNA molecule from an RNA transcript of a retrotransposon?

A

reverse transcriptase

50
Q

What are the mutable sites?

A

They are unstable regions on corn chromosomes that led Barbara proposal of the action of transposable element.

51
Q

What are the main structural features of TRNA molecule?

A
  1. 3 acceptor site

2. An anticodon.

52
Q

Why is the diameter between helices are constant?

A

Because hydrogen bonding is always between purines base (A and G) and Pyrimidines base (C and T)

53
Q

What is the function of enzyme Gyrases?

A

It introduces negative supercoil into the DNA

54
Q

What is the name of highly compacted chromsomes?

A

It is called metaphase chromosomes.

55
Q

What are the levels of chromosomes compaction?

A
  1. Wrapping DNA around histone octamers
  2. Formation of the 30 nm fiber
  3. Formation of loop domain
  4. condensing into a metaphase chromosomes.
56
Q

How to distinguish between Purine and pyrimidine?

A

by the ring structure of the nucleotide.

57
Q

Which kind of base pair gives more stability to the DNA sequence?

A

C and G base pairs because it has three hydrogen bonds where A and T has two hydrogen bonds.

58
Q

What do we call DNA molecules that differs in their nature and supercoiling?

A

Topoisomerase.

59
Q

What is the region called of highly compacted chromatin?

A

It is called heterochromatin.

Bio 220 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions