Chapter 9-12

Question 1

what is sex?

Answer 1

an individual’s membership in one of two categories - male or female - based on biological factors

Question 2

what is primary sex characteristics?

Answer 2

biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones, reproductive organs

Question 3

what is secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 3

physical differences between males and females such as body and facial hair

Question 4

what is gender?

Answer 4

physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

Question 5

what is gender identity?

Answer 5

sense of gender

Question 6

what is gender expression?

Answer 6

individuals behavioral manifestation of gender

Question 7

what is sexuality?

Answer 7

character or quality of being sexual

Question 8

what is sexual orientation or identity?

Answer 8

sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

Question 9

what is queer theory?

Answer 9

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

Question 10

inequalities in our society

Answer 10

sex, gender, and sexuality

Question 11

what is gender role socialization?

Answer 11

lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization: families, schools, peers, media

Question 12

what is social learning theory?

Answer 12

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

Question 13

what is misogyny?

Answer 13

prejudice against women; sexism, gender inequality, and homophobia can be found in past and present societies

Question 14

what is homophobia?

Answer 14

fear of discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior (US. 3,000-5,000 per year)

Question 15

what is families?

Answer 15

usually primary source of socialization; greatly impact gender role

Question 16

what is Talcott Parson?

Answer 16

instrumental (family material support) and expressive role (emotional support)

Question 17

what is feminism?

Answer 17

equality of the sexes

Question 18

what is social institutions?

Answer 18

systems and structures that shape the activities of groups and individuals in society

Question 19

minor and major social institutions

Answer 19

minor: health care, sport industry
major: politics, economics

Question 20

what is politics?

Answer 20

methods and tactics of managing a nation, or state, as well administering and controlling its internal and external affairs

Question 21

what is government?

Answer 21

formal organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws

Question 22

what is authoritarianism?

Answer 22

form of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens

Question 23

what is dictatorship?

Answer 23

type of authoritarianism in which the leader seizes power than being selected or elected

Question 24

what is totalitarianism?

Answer 24

extreme and modern form of authoritarianism, government controls every aspect of citizens life; ex: religion

Question 25

what is monarchy?

Answer 25

rule by king or queen, succession of rules kept within family

Question 26

what is absolute monarchy?

Answer 26

complete authority over subjects

Question 27

what is constitutional monarchy?

Answer 27

royal figures whose powers are defined by a political charter and limited by a parliament or other governing body

Question 28

what is democracy?

Answer 28

which all citizens have the rights to participate

Question 29

what is pluralism?

Answer 29

wide variety of group have equal access to resources and power

Question 30

what is special interest groups?

Answer 30

organization that raise and spend money to influence elected officials or public opinion VERY POWERFUL

Question 31

what is education?

Answer 31

society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function in society

Question 32

what is hidden curriculum?

Answer 32

values and behaviors students indirectly learn. ex: obedience

Question 33

what is pygmalion effect?

Answer 33

idea that teachers attitude about their students unintentionally influence their academic performance (labeling theory)

Question 34

what is early college high schools?

Answer 34

blends high school and college into coherent educational program in which students earn a degree in high school and 2 year college degree

Question 35

what is distance learning?

Answer 35

educational course or program in which teachers and students don't meet together in the classroom situation increasingly available over the internet

Question 36

what is religion?

Answer 36

any institutional system of shared beliefs and rituals that acknowledges a relationship between sacred and the profane

Question 37

what is capitalism?

Answer 37

economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production, and production for profit

Question 38

what is socialism?

Answer 38

economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulations

Question 39

what is communism?

Answer 39

system of government that eliminates private property; it is the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions

Question 40

what is agricultural revolution?

Answer 40

social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production

Question 41

what is industrial revolution? an example?

Answer 41

rapid transformation of social life resulting from the technological and economic developments that began with the assembly line, steam power, and urbanization. ex: assembly line, urbanization, steam power

Question 42

what is alienation?

Answer 42

sense of dissatisfaction the modern workers feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else

Question 43

what is recession?

Answer 43

significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy

Question 44

Richmod Fed

Answer 44

"if country countinues to produce emission at high rate, climate change could reduce the annual GDP growth rate by up to third"

Question 45

what is federal reserve?

Answer 45

concerned about how climate change will affect the economy