chapter 9

Question 1

controlling microbes is

Answer 1

controlling our degree of exposure to potentially harmful microbes

Question 2

4 methods of microbial control used outside of the body are

Answer 2

sterilization, disinfection, decontamination/sanitization, & antisepsis/degermation

Question 3

sterilization

Answer 3

process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses)

Question 4

examples of agents (sterilization)

Answer 4

heat, and sterilants

Question 5

disinfection

Answer 5

is the killing or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease.

Question 6

examples of agents (disinfection)

Answer 6

bleach, iodine, & heat boiling

Question 7

decontamination/sanitization

Answer 7

cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels.

Question 8

examples of agents (decontamination/sanitization)

Answer 8

soaps/detergents & commercial dishwashers

Question 9

antisepsis/degermation

Answer 9

reduces the number of microbes on the human skin, a form of degermation but on living tissues.

Question 10

examples of agents (antisepsis/degermation)

Answer 10

alcohol & surgical hand scrubs

Question 11

chemotherapy

Answer 11

is the use of chemicals to kill or inhibit growth of microbes within host tissue

Question 12

biocides

Answer 12

are what all agents use to control microbes.

Question 13

bactericide

Answer 13

a chemical that destroys bacteria (except for those in the endospore stage)

Question 14

fungicide

Answer 14

a chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeast.

Question 15

virucide

Answer 15

a chemical that inactivates viruses, especially on living tissues.

Question 16

sporicide

Answer 16

an agent capable of destroying bacterial endospores

Question 17

static agents

Answer 17

agents that do not kill but instead inhibit growth!

Question 18

germicide and microbicide

Answer 18

chemical agents that kill microorganisms.

Question 19

sepsis

Answer 19

is the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues.

Question 20

asepsis

Answer 20

is a practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into a sterile environment (or tissues), preventing infection.

Question 21

antiseptic techniques

Answer 21

sterile methods that exclude all microbes to antisepsis

Question 22

antisepsis

Answer 22

are applied directly to exposed body surfaces; wounds, surgical incisions in order to destroy or inhibit pathogens.

Question 23

bacteristatic

Answer 23

agents that prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment.

Question 24

fungistatic

Answer 24

chemicals that inhibit fungal growth.

Question 25

critical medical devices

Answer 25

are devices expected to come into contact with sterile tissues

Question 26

semicritical devices

Answer 26

are devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes

Question 27

noncritical devices

Answer 27

are devices that do not touch the patient or only expected to touch intact skin-- these require disinfection (only)

Question 28

selective agents

Answer 28

tend to target only a single cellular component and are much more effective against the widest range of microbes.

Question 29

antimicrobials

Answer 29

have a range of cellular targets, inflicting damage progressively until the cell is no longer able to survive.

Question 30

agents target the ______ by blocking its synthesis or destroying it.

Answer 30

cell wall

Question 31

agents target the _________ by disrupting the lipid bilayer, allowing damaging chemicals to enter the cell and important ions to exit the cell.

Answer 31

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 32

agents target _____________ interrupt the synthesis of proteins via ribosomes.

Answer 32

cellular processes

Question 33

agents target _________ by denaturing them, breaking protein bonds, protein structure.

Answer 33

proteins

Question 34

moist heat (boiling water)

Answer 34

DISINFECTION destroys bacterial cells & viruses. degrades enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. disrupts cell membranes.

Question 35

the temperature of moist heat usually ranges from

Answer 35

60-100 degrees celsius

Question 36

exposure to boiling water for 30 minutes destroys ________ cells, but not ________ spores.

Answer 36

vegetative, bacterial

Question 37

autoclave

Answer 37

an instrument for sterilizing objects using stem and pressure

Question 38

pasteurization

Answer 38

a technique using heat in a controlled manner, commonly used on heat sensitive liquids (milk, wine)

Question 39

dry heat

Answer 39

STERILIZATION hot or an open flame dehydrates the cell

Question 40

dry heat is _____ effective than moist heat.

Answer 40

less

Question 41

thermal death time (TDT)

Answer 41

is the shortest length of time required to kill all microbes are a specific temperature

Question 42

thermal death point (TDP)

Answer 42

is the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in a given time (usually 10 minutes)

Question 43

dry heat temperatures are

Answer 43

150-180 degree celsius

Question 44

radiation

Answer 44

is energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space.

Question 45

UV radiation

Answer 45

lethal form of radiation has limited uses cannot penetrate glass, limited for water

Question 46

gamma radiation and x rays

Answer 46

destroys endospores and vegetative cells. highly effective alternative for sterilizing materials that are sensitive to heat or chemicals.

Question 47

filtration

Answer 47

an effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids,

Question 48

osmotic pressure

Answer 48

adding large amounts of salts or sugars to food to create a hypertonic environment for bacteria

Question 49

3 levels of antimicrobial properties

Answer 49

high level agents intermediate level agents low level agents

Question 50

high level agents

Answer 50

kill endospores considered sterilant

Question 51

intermediate level agents

Answer 51

kill fungal (but NOT bacterial) spores, resistant pathogens and viruses

Question 52

low level agents

Answer 52

eliminate only vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungi, some viruses

Question 53

oxidizing agents

Answer 53

ex. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE kill endospores and all other microbes. used as an antiseptic

Question 54

aldehydes

Answer 54

ex. GLUTARALDEHYDE chemical sterilant that is sporicidal and kills all other microbes. used to sterilize respiratory equipment; dental instruments.

Question 55

sterilizing gas

Answer 55

ethylene oxide gas blocks DNA replication and denature enxymes used to sterilize heat sensitive things; petri dishes, catheters.

Question 56

phenol/phenolics

Answer 56

used as an disinfectant. kills some bacteria; viruses and fungi acts by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membrane, inactivates enzymes.

Question 57

advantages of phenol/phenolics

Answer 57

its effective long after its application

Question 58

disadvantages of phenol/phenolics

Answer 58

its odor and irritation on the skin

Question 59

alcohols

Answer 59

50-80% concentration--most effective bactericidal, fungicidal but no sporicidal 95% will cause coagulation of surface/cell wall proteins and prevent passage of alcohol into the cell.

Question 60

heavy metals (hg, silver, zinc, cu)

Answer 60

used against some bacteria, viruses, fungi. not a sporicidal agent