Chapter 9

Question 1

refer to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range

Answer 1

Homeotasis

Question 2

Single value that the body works to maintain

Answer 2

Set point

Question 3

processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point.

Answer 3

Negative feedback

Question 4

Greek roots meaning “variable” and “standing”, which means the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation, avoiding errors rather than just correcting them

Answer 4

Allostasis

Question 5

energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

Answer 5

Basal metabolism

Question 6

they depend on external sources for body heat instead of generating it themselves; amphibians, reptiles, and most fish.

Answer 6

Ectothermic

Question 7

synonym of ectothermic, from Greek roots meaning “varied heat”

Answer 7

Poikilothermic

Question 8

they generate enough body heat to remain significantly above the temperature of the environment

Answer 8

Endothermic

Question 9

synonym for endothermic, from Greek roots meaning “same heat”

Answer 9

Hemeothermic

Question 10

it is near the optic chiasm, where the optic nerves cross

Answer 10

Preoptic

Question 11

Send output to the hindbrain’s raphe nucleus, which controls the autonomic responses such as shivering, sweating, changes in heart rate and metabolism, and changes in blood flow to the skin

Answer 11

Preoptic area/Anterior Hypothalamus

Question 12

represents an increased set point for body temperature

Answer 12

Fever

Question 13

raises blood pressure by constructing blood vessels, comes from vascular pressure

Answer 13

Vasopressin

Question 14

enables kidney to reabsorb water from urine and therefore make the urine more concentrated, Diuresis means “urination”

Answer 14

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 15

caused by eating salty foods. A drive for water that helps restore the normal state

Answer 15

Osmotic thirst

Question 16

losing fluid by bleeding or sweating

Answer 16

Hypovolemic thirst

Question 17

tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration

Answer 17

Osmotic pressure

Question 18

one through which water can pass but solutes cannot

Answer 18

Semipermeable membrane

Question 19

flow inside the cell

Answer 19

Intracellular fluid

Question 20

flow outside cell

Answer 20

Extracellular fluid

Question 21

organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, receives input from receptors in the digestive tract, enabling it to anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body experiences it

Answer 21

OVLT

Question 22

subfornical organ, one population of neurons that increases thirst and another population that suppresses it

Answer 22

SFO

Question 23

and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control drinking

Answer 23

Lateral preoptic area

Question 24

control the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin

Answer 24

Supraoptic nucleus and paraventicular nucleus

Question 25

splits a portion off Angiotensinogen

Answer 25

Renin

Question 26

large protein in the blood, to form angiotensin I

Answer 26

Angiotensinogen

Question 27

converted to Angiotensin II

Answer 27

Angiotensionogen I

Question 28

meaning thirst based on low volume, you need to restore lost salts and not just water

Answer 28

Hypovolemic thirst

Question 29

deficient in sodium shows an immediate strong preference for salty tastes, even for extremely concentrated salt solutions that it would ordinarily reject

Answer 29

Sodium-specific hunger

Question 30

hormone that causes the kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands to retain salt

Answer 30

Aldosterone

Question 31

necessary for metabolizing lactose

Answer 31

Lactase

Question 32

sugar in milk

Answer 32

Lactose

Question 33

everything an animal swallows leaks out of a tube connected to the esophagus or stomach

Answer 33

Sham-feeding

Question 34

or cranial nerve X, conveys information to the brain about the stretching of the stomach walls

Answer 34

Vagus nerve

Question 35

part of the small intestine adjoining the stomach, is a major site for absorbing nutrients

Answer 35

Duodenum

Question 36

limits meal size in two ways o First, CCK constricts the sphincter muscle between the stomach and duodenum, causing stomach to hold its contents and fill more quickly than usual. In that way it hastens stomach distension, the primary signal for ending a meal o Second, CCK stimulates the vagus nerve to send signals to the hypothalamus, causing cells there to release a neurotransmitter that is a shorter version of the CCK molecule itself

Answer 36

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 37

enables glucose to enter the cells

Answer 37

Insulin

Question 38

stimulating the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen back to glucose

Answer 38

Glucagon

Question 39

from Greek word leptos, meaning “slender”, limited to vertebrates

Answer 39

Leptin

Question 40

of hypothalamus has one set of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and a second set sensitive to satiety signals

Answer 40

Arcuate nucleus

Question 41

it binds to the same receptors as growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Peptide related to food deprivation

Answer 41

Ghrelin

Question 42

combination of GABA

Answer 42

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

Question 43

axons from the satiety-sensitive cells of the arcuate nucleus deliver an excitatory message to the paraventricular nucleus

Answer 43

Melanocortins

Question 44

includes so many neuron clusters and passing axons that it has been compared to a crowded train station

Answer 44

Lateral Hypothalamus

Question 45

inhibits feeding, and therefore damage to this nucleus leads to overeating and weight gain

Answer 45

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 46

damage limited to just the ventromedial hypothalamus does not consistently increase eating or body weight

Answer 46

Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

Question 47

results when a gene causes a medical problem that includes obesity

Answer 47

Syndromal obesity

Question 48

marked by mild cognitive disabilities, short stature, and obesity. People with this syndrome have blood levels of ghrelin four to five times higher than average

Answer 48

Prader-willi syndrome

Question 49

occurs when a single gene leads to obesity without other physical or mental abnormalities

Answer 49

Monogenic obesity

Question 50

relates to many genes, each of which slightly increases the probability of obesity

Answer 50

Polygenic or common obesity

Question 51

condition in which people alternate between binges of overeating and periods of strict dieting

Answer 51

Bulimia nervosa

Question 52

characterized by a refusal to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight

Answer 52

Anorexia nervosa