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Biochemistry > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Structural
Energy Storage
Chemical
Protection
Vitamins
Pigments

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2
Q

Are biological lipids are ______

A

Amphipathic (have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions)

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3
Q

What makes up fatty acids?

A

Alkyl chains terminating in COOH

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4
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Alkyl chains that are fully reduced (no double bonds)

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5
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Alkyl chain that contains double bonds

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6
Q

Eukaryotes synthesize with ____ units

A

2-C

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7
Q

What makes odd-number fatty acids?

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

What is the code for myristic acid?

A

14:0

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9
Q

What is the code for palmitic acid?

A

16:0

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10
Q

What is the code for stearic acid?

A

18:0

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11
Q

What is the code for arachidic acid?

A

20:0

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12
Q

What is the code for oleic acid?

A

18:1n-9

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13
Q

What is the code for linoleic acid?

A

18:2n-9

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14
Q

What is the code for α-linolenic acid?

A

18:3n-3

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15
Q

What is the code for γ-linolenic acid?

A

18:3n-6

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16
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid codes give the location of the first carbon bond relative to which end?

A

Methyl

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16
Q

Which type of double bond occurs naturally in fatty acids?

A

Cis

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16
Q

Saturated fatty acids tend to be _____ at room temp

A

Solid (fats)

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be ____ at room temp

A

Liquid (oil)

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19
Q

What determines the melting point of saturated fatty acids?

A

Chain length

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20
Q

Would a 16:0 fatty acid or an 18:0 fatty acid have a higher melting point?

A

18:0 fatty acid
The melting point increases as the chain lengthens

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21
Q

What determines the melting point of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Number of double bonds

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22
Q

Would an unsaturated fat with 2 or 3 double bonds have a higher melting point?

A

2 Double Bonds
The melting point decreases with the number of double bonds

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23
What are the functions of triacylglycerols?
Energy source
24
Describe a saponification reaction:
ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol
25
True or False: Triacylglycerols can be made up of more than one fatty acid
True
26
What are adipocytes?
Specialized cells used to store fats
27
What is a glycerophospholipid?
1,2-diacylglycerol with phosphate on carbon 3
28
Glycerophospholipid is a critical component of _______
Cell membranes
29
If a glycerophospholipid has unsaturation, which position is more likely to be on?
2-position
30
Where does phospholipase A1 cut?
Carbonyl before the R1 group on a phospholipid
31
Where does phospholipase C cut?
Before the phosphate group on a phospholipid
32
Where does phospholipase D cut?
After the phosphate group on a phospholipid
33
What is a sphingosine?
18-carbon alcohol
34
What type of double bond is in sphingosone?
trans
35
What is a ceramide?
Fatty acid joined to sphingosine in amide linkage
36
Where are ceramides typically found?
Biological membranes
37
Where are sphingomyelins found?
Animal-cell membranes; enriched in myelin sheath
38
What causes Niemann-Pick Disease?
Defect in sphingomyelinase
39
What is a glycosphingolipid?
Ceramides with one or more sugars in a beta-glycosidic linkage at 1-hydroxyl group
40
What is cerebroside?
Glycosphingolipid with one sugar
41
What is ganglioside?
Glycosphingolipid with 3 or more sugars, one of which is sialic acid
42
What makes up Gm1?
D-Galactose N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine D-Galactose D-Glucose
43
What group is attached to the D-Galactose of Gm3?
N-acetylneuraminidate (sialic acid)
44
What two groups are on the D-glucose of Gm3?
Stearic acid and Sphingosine
45
What defines Tay-Sachs Disease?
Deficient beta-hexosaminidase A
46
What is the function of B-Hexosaminidase?
Enzyme that hydrolyzes Gm1 to Gm2
47
What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease?
Blindness, weakness, seizures, mental retardation
48
What are waxes?
Esters of long-chain alcohols with long-chain fatty acids
49
What is the general formula of waxes?
R1--CO--O--R2
50
What is carnauba wax?
Hard wax used for high-gloss finishes
51
What is lanolin?
Wool wax used in cosmetics
52
What is the function of eicosanoid?
Signaling/Hormone
53
What is the precursor for eicosanoids?
Arachidonic acid
54
What is the code for arachidonic acid?
20:4Δ5,8,11,14
55
What is the function of PGH2 synthase?
Catalyzes arachidonic acid to PGH2
56
What enzyme does aspirin inhibit?
PGH2 synthase
57
What is the structure of steroids?
Three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring fused together
58
What molecule is the base of steroids?
Isoprene
59
What is isoprene?
5C branched structure from AcetylCoA
60
What is cholesterol?
Precursor for all steroids in animals
61
What is the function of steroid hormones?
Salt balance Metabolic function Sexual function
62
What are steroid signaling receptors?
Transcription factors that move into the nucleus upon binding
63
Where are steroid signaling receptors?
Cytosol (inside cell)
64
What is the molecular order of steroid formation?
Isoprene -> Terpenes -> Steroid
65
What is the structure of isoprene?
H2C=CH-C(CH3)=CH2
66
What is transverse diffusion?
Very slow flipping from one side of the plasma membrane to the other via lipases
67
What is lateral diffusion?
Rapid movement down one side of the bilayer membrane
68
What is FRAP?
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
69
What is an integral protein?
Protein that spans the lipid bilayer
70
What is a peripheral protein?
Protein that sits on top of membrane surface
71
Why would a protein attach itself to the cell membrane?
Reduces dimensions that a molecule has to travel through to bind to the protein
72
What is the structure of the CXXY motif?
Cysteine -> Hydrophobic AA -> Hydrophobic AA -> Y
73
What amino acids in the y position of the CXXY motif give farnesylation?
Ala, Met, Ser
74
What amino acids in the y position of the CXXY motif give geranylgeranylation?
Leu
75
What is myristolation?
Myristic acid (14:0) attached to Nt amino group of Gly
76
What is palmitoylation?
Thioester linkage to Cys Thioester: R1-S-CO-R2

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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