chapter 9

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

study of how sounds (and signs) are organized and used in natural languages

Question 2

morphology

Answer 2

the study of words, the rules for how they’re formed, and the relationship between words

Question 3

syntax

Answer 3

set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences and how words can be combined- exists independent of meaning

Question 4

lack of invariance problem:

Answer 4

there is no consistent relation between the physical features of the sounds and how the sounds are perceived. ex) same sounds produced differently in context

Question 5

phoneme

Answer 5

smallest units of sound that are recognizable as speech and have impact on the meaning

Question 6

allophone

Answer 6

one set of possible spoken sounds to produce single phoneme

Question 7

speech segmentation problem:

Answer 7

there are no reliable physical cues to the boundaries between words

Question 8

onomatopoeia

Answer 8

a word that phonetically resembles the sound it describes

Question 9

Phonesthesia

Answer 9

clusters of words that share Sound and Meaning elements

Question 10

sound symbolism

Answer 10

Sounds that carry meaning with them. ex) bouba and kiki

Question 11

Morpheme

Answer 11

Smallest meaningful units of language. Free morphemes: words. Bound morphemes: word parts with meaning (-ed, -s, etc)

Question 12

Over-generalization errors in morphology

Answer 12

Children will assume all patterns of language apply with no exception. ex) he eated

Question 13

Recursion

Answer 13

a syntactic process that allows for a finite number of words to create an infinite amount of sentences , invokes an instance of itself

Question 14

syntax; Surface Structure

Answer 14

how a sentence is worded

Question 15

syntax: Deep structure

Answer 15

the meaning of a sentence

Question 16

pragmatics

Answer 16

study of how language is used and understood in context

Question 17

illocutionary act

Answer 17

what the speaker is trying to do with their words, intended meaning

Question 18

locutionary act

Answer 18

what is actually said, literal meaning

Question 19

Nativist Theory of Language Acquisition

Answer 19

language acquisition is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

Question 20

genetic dysphasia- evidence of NTLA

Answer 20

syndrome characterized by inability to learn grammatical structure of sentences

Question 21

critical period-evidence of NTLA

Answer 21

period during which receptivity to learning is optimal

Question 22

Interactionist Theory of Language Acquisition

Answer 22

Environment, experiences, and interactions play a role in language development

Question 23

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Answer 23

language shapes the nature of thought

Question 24

Classical Theory

Answer 24

categories are well-defined. Has “necessary” and “sufficient” rules for membership

Question 25

Family Resemblance Theory

Answer 25

category members need not all share a definitional feature, but they tend to have several features in common

Question 26

neural correlates for Animate objects

Answer 26

heightened lateral occipital cortex activation

Question 27

neural correlates for Inanimate objects

Answer 27

heightened ventral medial temporal lobe activation

Question 28

Theory of Mind

Answer 28

the understanding that people's minds produce representations of the world that guide their behaviors

Question 29

What is activated when making social-moral decisions?

Answer 29

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Question 30

Heuristic

Answer 30

fast and efficient strategies that do not guarantee a solution will be reached, "mental shortcuts"

Question 31

Algorithm

Answer 31

well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

Question 32

availability bias

Answer 32

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Question 33

Framing Effect

Answer 33

people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

Question 34

loss aversion

Answer 34

we care more about avoiding losses than achieving equal-sized gain

Question 35

Prospect Theory

Answer 35

we choose risks when evaluating losses and avoid risks when evaluating gains