Chapter 9 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is trauma?
A
A physical injury or wound produced by internal or external forces.
2
Q
what is mechanical injury?
A
An injury that results from force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter.
3
Q
What is load?
A
An external force acting on the body causing internal reactions with the tissue.
4
Q
What is stiffness?
A
The ability of tissue to resist a load. The greater the stiffness, the more magnitude of load it can resist.
5
Q
What is stress?
A
Internal resistance to a load.
6
Q
What is strain?
A
Internal change in tissue (length) resulting in deformation.
7
Q
What does it mean that body tissues are viscoelastic?
A
Contain both viscous and elastic properties.
8
Q
What is yield point?
A
The point at which elasticity is almost exceeded (in tissue).
9
Q
What happens to tissue if deformation persists?
A
Following the release of the load, permanent or plastic changes result.
10
Q
What happens when the yield point of a tissue is far exceeded?
A
Mechanical failure occurs, resulting in damage.
11
Q
What are four types of tissue loading?
A
- Tension
- Shearing
- Bending
- Torsion
12
Q
What is tension?
A
Force that pulls and stretches the tissue.
13
Q
What is shearing?
A
Force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue.
14
Q
What is bending?
A
It can be…
1. Two force pairs that act at opposite ends of a structure (4 points)
2. Three forces causing bending (3 points)
3. Already bowed structures encounter axial loading
15
Q
What is torsion?
A
Loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite sides. Shear stress will be perpendicular and parallel to the loads.
16
Q
What is an acute injury?
A
When something has initiated the injury process.
17
Q
What is a chronic injury?
A
When an injury doesn’t heal properly.
18
Q
What is the difference between overuse injuries and traumatic injuries?
A
Traumatic injuries are caused by a direct blow, while overuse injuries ae caused by repetitive dynamic use over time.
19
Q
What is musculotendinous?
A
Relating to or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue.
20
Q
What are anatomical characteristics of musculotendinous injuries?
A
They are composed of contractile cells that produce movement and posses the following 3 characteristics:
1. Irritability
2. Conductivity
3. Elasticity
21
Q
What are 3 types of skeletal muscle?
A
- Cardiac
- Smooth
- Striated
22
Q
what is a muscle strain?
A
A stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue. Ranges from minute separation of connective tissue to complete tendinous avulsion or muscle rupture.
23
Q
What is grade one of a muscle strain?
A
Some fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active range of motion, movement painful but full range present
24
Q
What is grade 2 of a muscle strain?
A
A number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result.
25
What is grade 3 of a muscle strain?
Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction; significant impairment initially with a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage.
26
What is a muscle strain similar to?
A contusion or sprain with capillary or blood vessel hemorrhage.
27
How long does it take to recover from a muscle strain?
It can be lengthy, treatment and recovery may take 6 to 8 weeks depending on severity. Returning to play too soon could result in reinjury.
28
What is a muscle cramp?
a painful involuntary skeletal muscle contraction that occurs in well-developed individuals when muscle is in shortened position.
29
What is muscle guarding?
When, following injury, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of movement. Involuntary.
30
What would a spasm indicate?
Increased tone due to upper motor neuron lesion in the brain.
31
What is a muscle spasm?
A reflex caused by trauma.
32
What are 2 types of muscle spasms?
1. Clonic
2. Tonic
33
What is a clonic muscle spasm?
Alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession.
34
What is a tonic muscle spasm?
Rigid contraction that lasts a period of time.
35
What can muscle spasm lead to?
Muscle or tendon injuries.
36
What is muscle soreness?
overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain. Generally occurs following participation in an activity that individual is unaccustomed to.
37
What is ROM?
Range Of Motion.
38
What are 2 types of muscle soreness?
1. Acute-onset muscle soreness
2. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
39
What is DOMS?
Delayed-onset muscle soreness.
40
What is delayed-onset muscle soreness?
Pain that occurs 24-48 hours following activity that gradually subsides (pain free in 3 to 4 days). It is potentially caused by slight microtrauma to muscle or connective tissue structures.
41
What is acute-onset muscle soreness?
Accompanies fatigue and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise.
42
How do you prevent muscle soreness?
Gradual buildup of intensity (of working out).
43
What is the breaking point of a tendon?
When it is stretched at 6-8% of increased length.
44
Where do tears generally occur?
In muscle and not tendon.
45
What does repetitive stress on tendon result in?
Microtrauma and elongation, causing fibroblasts influx and increased collagen production.
46
What can repeated microtrauma of tendons evolve into?
Chronic muscle strain due to reabsorption of collagen fibers.
47
What is tendinitis?
Inflammation of the tendon with obvious signs of swelling and pain. Due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes.
48
What is crepitus?
The sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue.
49
What is the key treatment to tendinitis?
Rest. It may require substitute activity to maintain fitness.
50
What can tendinitis turn into without proper healing?
Tendinosis.
51
What is tendinosis?
Less inflammation, but more visibly swollen with stiffness and restricted motion. May be accompanied by a tender lump. Common in middle and old age.
52
What is the treatment for tendinosis?
Stretching and strengthening.
53
What is tendinopathy?
Can refer to tendinitis or tendinosis.
54
What is tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of synovial sheath.
55
What is an acute case of tenosynovitis?
Rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling.
56
What is a chronic case of tenosynovitis?
Thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus.
57
What treatment may be helpful for tensoynovitis?
Anti-inflammatory agents.
58
What is a myofascial trigger point?
A discrete and hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia.
59
What are myofascial trigger points a result of?
Acute trauma or microtrauma caused by mechanical stress.
60
What is a latent trigger point?
A point that does not cause spontaneous pain, but may restrict movement or cause weakness. One is aware of the presence when pressure is applied.
61
What is an active trigger point?
A point that causes pain at rest and upon pressure, it is found most commonly in muscles involved in postural support. It is a tender point vs. a trigger point.
62
What is a contusion?
(A bruise) caused by a sudden blow, can be both deep and superficial.
63
What does hematoma result from?
Blood and lymph flows into surrounding tissue.
64
What can chronically inflamed contused tissue result in?
Generation of calcium deposits. Prevent through protecting contused area with padding.
65
What is atrophy?
The wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve functioning.
66
What is contracture?
Abnormal shortening of muscles where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch.
67
What do contractures generally result from?
Muscle injury which impacts the joint and results in accumulation of scar tissue.
68
What are ligament sprains a result of?
Traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue.
69
What is a grade one ligament sprain?
Some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, mild point tenderness.
70
What is a grade two ligament sprain?
Pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers.
71
What is a grade 3 ligament sprain?
Extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swelling, may also represent subluxation.
72
What can ligament sprains result in?
Joint effusion and swelling, local temp increase, pain and point tenderness, ecchymosis.
73
What is the greatest difficulty with grade one and two ligament sprains?
Restoring stability due to stretched tissue and inelastic scar tissue formation.
74
After a ligament sprain what is key to regaining joint stability?
Strengthening of muscles around the joint.
75
What is a subluxation?
Dislocation and relocation of bones, can be complete or incomplete.
76
What are the most common joints to get dislocated?
Fingers and shoulders.
77
What is common after a dislocation occurs?
For that joint to get dislocated again.
78
What is important when a dislocation occurs?
To make sure there are no fractions that accompanied the dislocation, an X-ray is necessary.
79
What is osteoarthritis?
Wearing of hyaline cartilage can lead to joint degeneration.
80
Where is osteoarthritis most common?
Weight-bearing joints, but can also impact shoulders and cervical spine (neck).
81
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritics?
Pain (resulting from friction), stiffness, prominent morning pain (synovial fluid hasn't been produced yet), localized tenderness, creaking and grating.
82
What are bursa?
fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction.
83
What causes bursitis?
Sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis, while overuse and constant external compression can cause chronic bursitis. (Frequently happens to elbow if you whack on something)
84
What are symptoms of bursitis?
Swelling, pain, some loss of function.
85
What can bursitis turn into with repeated trauma?
Calcification and degeneration of internal bursa linings.
86
What is capsulitis the result of?
Repeated joint trauma.
87
When does synovitis occur?
Can occur acutely, but will also develop following mistreatment of a joint injury.
88
What can chronic synovitis result in?
Edema, thickening of the synovial lining, exudation, and a fibrous underlying can develop.
89
What are 4 types of bones?
1. Flat bones (skull)
2. Irregular bones (vertebrae)
3. Short bones (wrist and ankle)
4. Long bones (humerus)
90
What are the 3 gross structures of bones?
1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
3. Periosteum
91
What is the diaphysis?
The hollow and cylindrical bone covered by compact bone. Medullary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum.
92
What is the epiphysis?
Made up of cancellous bone and has hyaline cartilage covering. Provides areas for muscle attachment.
93
What is the periosteum?
dense, white fibrous covering that penetrates the bone, contains blood vessels and osteoblasts.
94
Where does growth in bones mainly occur?
At the ends of the bones.
95
What can happen if a growth plate is broken or dislocated?
It can alter growth patterns and/or result in deformity of bone.
96
What are 2 types of bone fractures?
1. Open
2. Closed
97
What is an open fracture?
Involve displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue.
98
What is a closed fracture?
Fractures with little movement or displacement.
99
What are symptoms of fractures?
Deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, pain in active and passive movements with possible crepitus.
100
What are 6 types of bone fractures?
1. Greenstick
2. Comminuted
3. Linear
4. Transverse, nondisplaced
5. Oblique, nondisplaced
6. Spiral
101
What is a greenstick fracture?
Like a splinter in the bone, where a part of the bone fractures apart, incomplete fracture.
102
What is a comminuted fracture?
A fracture with shattering resulting from shearing with much displacement.
103
What is a linear fraction?
Like a fisher running along the bone, not much displacement.
104
What is a transverse fracture that is nondisplaced?
A fracture that runs perpendicular along the bone with no displacement.
105
What is a oblique nondisplaced fracture?
A diagonal fracture that is perpendicular with no displacement.
106
What is a spiral fracture?
A fracture with displacement caused by forces going in opposite directions, twisting the bone. Caused by torsion.
107
Who are greenstick fractures common in?
Children because their bones are malleable.
108
When you do an x-ray, what is one way to know there is a fracture?
A bend in a bone where there shouldn't be a bend.
109
What are functions of bones?
1. Support the body
2. Protect organs
3. Movement
4. Store calcium
5. Form blood cells
110
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that make bones.
111
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that break down and reabsorb bone tissue.
112
What happens when bones are at full size?
It maintains a state of balance between osteoblastic and osteo-clastic activity.
113
What are long bones?
Strong bones that are longer than they are wide, less prone to injury.
114
How does bones being cylindrical and hollow effect the use of bone?
It makes them very strong and resistant to bending and twisting.
115
What are ways to load or stress a bone to failure?
Tension, compression, bending, twisting, or shearing.
116
When does brittleness in bones increase?
When under tension forces, more than under compression.
117
What are stress fractures?
small, incomplete fractures in bones.
118
What are possible causes of stress fractures?
Overload due to muscle contraction, altered stress distribution due to muscle fatigue, changes in surface, and rhythmic repetitive stress vibrations.
119
What are symptoms of stress fractures?
Focal tendern
120
