Chapter 9

Question 1

rules specifying how words can be combined to form meaningful sentences in a language

Answer 1

syntax

Question 2

rules specifying how to appropriately use language in different social contexts to achieve goals

Answer 2

pragmatics

Question 3

language disorder

Answer 3

aphasia

Question 4

set of linguistic processing skills that nativists believe to be innate

Answer 4

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 5

notion that language input to young children is so limited that they couldn’t possibly acquire language

Answer 5

poverty of the stimulus (POTS)

Question 6

tactic where adults respond to a child’s utterance with a grammatically complete expression of the same thought

Answer 6

expansion

Question 7

communication adults use with young people involving simple sentences spoken slowly and in a high-pitched voice

Answer 7

child-directed speech

Question 8

early form of vocalization that involves repeating vowel-like sounds

Answer 8

cooing

Question 8

early form of vocalization that involves repeating consonant-vowel combinations

Answer 8

babbling

Question 9

act of looking at the same object at the same time with someone else

Answer 9

joint attention

Question 9

process of using where a word appears in a sentence to determine meaning of the word

Answer 9

syntactic bootstrapping

Question 10

single-word utterance used by an infant that represents an entire sentence’s worth of meaning

Answer 10

holophrase

Question 11

phenomenon occurring around 18 months of age when the pace of word learning quickens dramatically

Answer 11

vocabulary spurt

Question 12

method allowing children to use sentence context to help make an educated guess about word meaning

Answer 12

fast mapping

Question 13

child’s tendency to use words to refer to a wider set of objects than adults

Answer 13

overextension

Question 14

child’s tendency to use general words to refer to a smaller set of objects than adults

Answer 14

underextension

Question 15

communication using simple sentences that consist primarily of content words and omit less meaningful words

Answer 15

telegraphic speech

Question 16

analysis of the semantic relations that children express in their earliest sentences

Answer 16

functional grammar

Question 17

process of extending observed grammatical rules to abnormal cases where the rules do not apply

Answer 17

overrregularization

Question 18

set of rules of syntax allowing individuals to change basic underlying thoughts into various sentence forms

Answer 18

transformational grammar

Question 19

intrinsic rationale to become proficient in and control the environment evident early in infancy

Answer 19

mastery motivation

Question 20

knowledge of language as a system

Answer 20

metalinguistic awareness

Question 21

idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words

Answer 21

alphabetic principle

Question 22

developmental precursors of reading skills that will facilitate the acquisition of reading competence

Answer 22

emergent literacy

Question 23

understanding that spoken words can be decomposed into some number of basic sound units

Answer 23

phonological awareness

Question 24

serious difficulty learning to read in children who have normal intellectual ability and no sensory impairments

Answer 24

dyslexia

Question 25

belief that intelligence and other traits are static

Answer 25

fixed mindset

Question 26

belief that intelligence is malleable and can therefore be improved through hard work and effort

Answer 26

growth mindset

Question 27

in achievement situations, striving for competence in order to gain knowledge or improve ability

Answer 27

mastery goal