Chapter 9

Question 1

escape behavior

Answer 1

performance of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus

Question 2

avoidance behavior

Answer 2

performance of the behavior prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring

Question 3

do we learn to escape or avoid first?

Answer 3

escape

Question 4

two-process theory of avoidance

Answer 4

classical and operant conditioning

Question 5

Anxiety Conservation Hypothesis

Answer 5

states that avoidance responses usually occur so quickly that there is insufficient exposure to the CS for the conditioned fear to fully extinguish.
The avoidance responses are not as persistent as thought

Question 6

one process theory

Answer 6

the act of avoidance is negatively reinforced simply by the lower rate of aversive stimulation associated with it

Question 7

are avoidance behaviors elicited or operant behaviors

Answer 7

elicited

Question 8

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder characterized by:

Answer 8

persistent thoughts, impulses, or images (called obsessions), and
repetitive, stereotyped actions (called compulsions) that are carried out in response to the obsessions.
active avoidance response

Question 9

obsessions

Answer 9

associate with an increase in anxiety

Question 10

compulsions

Answer 10

associate with an decrease in anxiety.

Question 11

punishment

Answer 11

the weakening of a behavior through (1) the application of an aversive stimulus or (2) the removal of an appetitive stimulus.

Question 12

Positive Punishment

Answer 12

consists of the presentation of an aversive event following a response.
This leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.

Question 13

Negative Punishment

Answer 13

consists of the removal of an appetitive event following a response.
This then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.

Question 14

Time-Out

Answer 14

the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior.

Question 15

Response Cost

Answer 15

the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a problem behavior.
easy to adjust to behavior, need lear reinforcer that is motivating

Question 16

Negative Punishment vs. Extinction

Answer 16

no longer leads to something (extinction)

leads to the removal of something that you would otherwise possess (negative punishment)?

Question 17

Intrinsic Punishment

Answer 17

the activity itself is punishing, such that the person performing the behavior is now less likely to repeat it.

Question 18

Extrinsic Punishment

Answer 18

the activity is followed by a separate event that serves to punish the activity.

Question 19

primary/unconditioned punisher

Answer 19

an event that is innately punishing.

We are born to dislike these events

Question 20

secondary/conditioned punisher

Answer 20

an event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with some other punisher.

Question 21

generalized secondary punisher

Answer 21

type of secondary punisher, which is an event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with many other punishers

Question 22

Conditioned Suppression Theory

Answer 22

punishment does not weaken a behavior but instead produces an emotional response that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior. Replaces punished behavior with emotional response that interferes

Question 23

Avoidance Theory of Punishment

Answer 23

punishment actually involves a type of avoidance conditioning in which the avoidance response consists of any behavior other than the behavior being punished. Punishment does not weaken a behavior, replaces punished behavior with a reinforced one

Question 24

Learned Helplessness

Answer 24

a decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events.

Question 25

Premack Approach to Punishment

Answer 25

a low-probability behavior can be used to punish a high probability behavior.

Question 26

Treatments for Learned Helplessness

Answer 26

encouraging the patient to accomplish a graded series of relatively minor tasks, and
then progressing to more difficult tasks.

Question 27

Prevention of Learned Helplessness

Answer 27

A history of successfully overcoming minor adversities might immunize a person against depression when the person is later confronted by more serious difficulties.

Question 28

Experimental Neurosis

Answer 28

experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unpredictable events develop neurotic-like symptoms.similar to PTSD