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chapter 9 Flashcards

minerals (63 cards)

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1
Q

major mineral macrominerals

A

-calcium
-chloride
-magnesium
-phosphorus
-potassium
-sodium
-sulfur

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2
Q

trace elements/microminerals

A

-iron
-zinc
-selenium
-iodine
-fluoride
-chromium
-copper
-maganese
-molybdenum
-vanadium
-nickel
-boron
-silicon

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3
Q

fluid and electrolyte balance

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
phosphorus
water

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4
Q

cell metabolism

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
zinc
chromium
iodine
water

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5
Q

bone health

A

calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
iron
zinc
copper
fluoride
maganese

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6
Q

growth and development

A

calcium
phosphorus
zinc

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7
Q

blood health

A

iron
copper
calcium
zinc

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8
Q

nerve impulses

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
calcium

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9
Q

muscle contraction and relaxation

A

sodium
chloride
potassium
calcium
magnesium

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10
Q

body defense

A

magnesium
iron
selenium
zinc
copper
maganese

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11
Q

what are the 4 electrolytes?

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus

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12
Q

extracellular space electrolytes

A

sodium, chloride

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13
Q

intracellular space electrolytes

A

potassium and phosphorus

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14
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell

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15
Q

hypotonic solution

A

concentration solute greater inside than inside cell

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16
Q

hypertonic solution

A

concentration solute greater outside the cell

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17
Q

Sodium

A

-electrolyte outside cell
-acid-base balance
-muscle concentration
-aids in absorption of nutrients
-maintenance of optimal calcium status
-95% of adults consume above CDRR

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18
Q

sodium (top sources)

A

sandwiches, eggs, rice/grains, meats
-77% added to foods
-12% present in foods naturally
-6% added to food at the table
-5% added when cooking

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19
Q

potassium

A

-electrolyte mainly inside cell
-muscle contraction
-maintains blood pressure levels
-principle positively charged ion within cells to balance positively charged sodium loss from cells

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20
Q

potassium food groups

A

fruits and veg are high in potassium and low in sodium
try and increase potassium intake and limit sodium intake

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21
Q

patassium inadequecy

A

low blood potassium: loss of apetite, muscle cramps, confusion, irregular heart beat, cardiac arrest, and death
oral potassium: vomiting, diarrhea, alcohol abuse, prolonged exercise, potassium-wasting durietics increase risk hypokalemia

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22
Q

Calcium

A

-most abundant mineral in the body
-major function of calcium: 99% structural (bones, teeth)
-other 1% in fluids: muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood pressure, blood clotting

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23
Q

elevated blood calcium

A

-thyroid gland releases calcitonin
-stimulates Ca^2+ deposition in in bones and stimulates reduxes Ca^2+ uptake in kidneys
-blood calcium then is normal

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24
Q

low blood calcium

A

-parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D released from glands
-decreases loss of Ca^2+ in kidneys and stimulates Ca^2+ release in bones
-Vitamin D from kidneys
-increases absorption of Ca^2+ from intestines

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25
risk factors for osteoperosis
-age -gender -small build -ethnicity -genetics -age of menarche -never giving birth -calcium and vitamin D intake -low peak bone mass -physical inactivity -low body weight -smoking -alcohol -estrogen depleation -anorexia
26
what helps decrease osteoperosis
vitamin D intake lifelong calcium intake healthy body intake protein intake overall balanced diet
27
calcium food sources
cheese milk pinto beans broccoli spinach fortified juice and soy milk
28
calcium main functions
bone growth and maitenance, repair, msucle and nerve function, regulated metabolism, cell membrane integrity, cellular differentiation, glucose concentration, blood pressure RDA 1000 mg UL 2500 mg inadequate calcium leads to mineralization of bones-> osteoperosis
29
Magnesiium
60% found in bones enzyme activation protein and DNA synthesis Vitamin D synthesis heart function relax muslces bone rigidity prevents tooth decay
30
Magnesium food sources
green veg, nuts, seeds, beans, whole grains, dark chocolate RDA: 400-420 mg Men, 310-320 mg women DV 420 mg UL: 350 mg
31
iron
every living cell has iron two proteins: hemoglobin and myoglobin roles: carry oxygen, make new cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters
32
which protein stores iron
ferritin
33
which protein transports iron
transferrin
34
heme iron:
iron absorption: 15-35% only animal products contain accoutns for 10% daily iron intake
35
non-heme iron
2-20% absorption all plant irons are non-heme
36
what does iron absorption depend on?
deficiency-> increased absorption heme is better absorbed more acid in GI tract-> increase absor
37
non-heme enhancers
vitamin C (add marinara to noodles) add MPF (meat, fish, poultry) (add tuna to crackers)
37
non-heme inhibitors
tannins (found in tea)(not apply to herbal tea) (do not drink tea w/ meal) oxalates (spinach, rhubarb, chard) phytates (whole grains, bran, soy) megadoses of calcium
38
causes of iron deficiency
inadequate dietary intake poor iron absorption increased iron requirements blood loss kidney disease
39
internal sources of iron
ferritin (stored iron) circulating iron (transferrin) bone marrow iron RBC iron
40
stage 1 iron depletion
no symptoms
41
stage 2 iron deficiency
mild anemia, weakness
42
stage 3 iron-deficiency anemia
fatigue, difficulty concentrating, pica, pale eyes and nails, spoon shaped nails, cold
43
what are the consequences of taking iron supplements above UL
stomach irritation
44
what does zinc regulate the gene expression for?
antioxidant defense, immune system growth (DNA synthesis) taste and smell would healing reproductive organ function enzyme activation
45
sources of zinc
animal-based meats, fish
46
zinc deficiency
poor growth poor immunity delayed maturation
47
selenium
part of an antioxidant enzyme system : converts damaging peroxides into water cell membraine DNA synthesis
48
selenium deficieny
muslce disorders, weakness, impaired thyroid function,
49
selenium toxicity
supplements
50
sources
soil meat shell fish RDA and DV: 55 mcg UL: 400 mcg
51
Iodine functions
aids in synthesis of thyroid hormone synthesis of amino acid tyrosine skeletal, nervous system development fetus immune function thyroxine (iodine)
52
iodine deficiency
goiter (enlarged throat) (enlarged thyroid gland) Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)
53
food sources iodine
iodized salt iodine-rich soil seafood fast food, baked foods milk RDA: 150 mcg UL: 1100 mcg 1/2 teaspoon contains over rda
54
flouride role in body
fluorapatite- crystalization of bone and teeth
55
flouride defeciency
dental carries
56
flouride sources
drinking water ground water dental products
57
normal blood pressure
Systolic mm Hg:<120 Diastolic mm Hg:<80
58
high blood pressure (hypertension 1)
Systolic mm Hg:130-139 Diastolic mm Hg:80-89
58
elevated blood pressure
Systolic mm Hg:120-129 Diastolic mm Hg:<80
59
high blood pressure (hypertension II)
Systolic mm Hg:above 140 Diastolic mm Hg:above 90
60
hypertensive crisis (consult doctor immediately)
Systolic mm Hg:above 180 Diastolic mm Hg:above 120
61
DASH diet
dietary approaches to stop hypertension reduce sodium increase potassium, calcium, magnesium weight loss is most eefective 2 lower blood pressure

NDFS 100 (5 decks)

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