chapter 9

Question 1

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering and communicating

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

Answer 2

Metacognition

Question 3

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 3

Concept

Question 4

Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Answer 4

Prototype

Question 5

A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 5

Algorithm

Question 6

simple, thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems, efficiently. more error, prone than an algorithm

Answer 6

Heuristic

Question 7

sudden realization of a problem solution

Answer 7

Insight

Question 8

when people only pay attention to information that supports what they already believe and ignore anything that changes it

Answer 8

Confirmation bias

Question 9

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving

Answer 9

Fixation

Question 10

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

Answer 10

Mental set

Question 11

Assuming unnecessary limitations in a task

Answer 11

Impose constraints

Question 12

effortless immediate autonomic, feeling or thought

Answer 12

Intuition

Question 13

Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Answer 13

Representativeness heuristic

Question 14

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Answer 14

Availability heuristic

Question 15

The tendency to be more confident than correct

Answer 15

Overconfidence

Question 16

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed, has been discredited

Answer 16

Belief perseverance

Question 17

The way an issue is post; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Answer 17

Framing

Question 18

Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

Answer 18

Nudge

Question 19

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Answer 19

Creativity

Question 20

Narrowing the available problem solution solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 20

Convergent thinking

Question 21

expanding the number of possible problems solutions; creative, thinking that diverges in different directions

Answer 21

Divergent thinking

Question 22

In language, the smallest distinct sound unit

Answer 22

Phoneme

Question 23

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Answer 23

Morpheme

Question 24

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other

Answer 24

Grammar

Question 25

The meaning derives from words and sounds

Answer 25

Semantics

Question 26

The order of words to form sentences

Answer 26

Syntax

Question 27

using language from one domain to describe another non-literally

Answer 27

Metaphor

Question 28

The ability to produce language starting around 10 months

Answer 28

Productive language

Question 29

The ability to understand language starting at around four months

Answer 29

Receptive language

Question 30

stage in speech that begins around four months (utters sounds not language)

Answer 30

Babbling stage

Question 31

Stage in speech development from about age one to two (child speaks mostly in single words)

Answer 31

One word stage

Question 32

Stage beginning around two years old (child speaks mostly two words sentences)

Answer 32

Two words stage

Question 33

early speech stage in which child speaks like a telegram using mostly now and and verbs (“go car”)

Answer 33

Telegraphic speech

Question 34

impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area or Wernicke’s area

Answer 34

Aphasia

Question 35

in the frontal lobe of the brain that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech

Answer 35

Broca’s area

Question 36

in the left temporal lobe of the brain involved in language, comprehension, and expression

Answer 36

Wernicke’s area

Question 37

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 37

Linguistic determination

Question 38

The idea that language influences the way we think

Answer 38

Linguistic relativism