Chapter 9 Flashcards
(12 cards)
What are the four basic components of human growth and development and explain each.
Physical: the growth and development of the body’s muscles, bones, energy and nervous systems.
Cognitive: an individual’s ability to interpret and process information and the introduction and establishment of a person’s self-concept and awareness.
Social: the development of relationships with peers, friends, relatives, adults, and the others in the ‘outside world’.
Emotional: an individual’s ability to manage and regulate emotions such as motivation, empathy, and fear
Chronological age
age measured in years, months, and days; that is, the standard use of the term “age”.
Skeletal age
age is indicated by the physical maturity of the skeleton; that is, the degree of ossification of bones, usually measured by an X-ray of the hand and wrist. Ossification refers to the conversion of soft tissue such as cartilage into hard bones. Standard skeletal ages can be predicted and charted according to chronological age.
Developmental Age
developmental age includes the interaction between the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional developmental of the individual. Developmental age is expressed in one’s ability to perform tasks.
Cephalocaudal sequence
this sequence describes how growth progresses first in the head, followed by the trunk, and then the extremities. In other words - humans developed earliest in the brain and skull, then followed by the heart, lungs, and other organs.
Proximodistal sequence
this sequence describes how body movements that originate close to the center of the body develop earlier than those originate farther away from the center.
Peak Height Velocity
is a measure of maximum rate of height growth that occurs during a growth spurt - linked to developmental age.
Critical Periods
during which our bodies are more prepared to grow and evolve.
Motor skills
learned sequences of voluntary movements that combine to produce an action.
Explain how hormones, genetics, activity levels and sociocultural factors combine and interact to affect Physical Growth and Development.
Hormones, genetics, physical activity, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to affect physical growth and development through a dynamic interaction. Genetics provide a fundamental blueprint for growth and development, as children tend to portray traits that their parents display (i.e. height, eye colour, etc.). Hormones driven by glands such as the pituitary one, regulate growth processes, with hormones like growth hormone; estrogen and testosterone promoting bone and muscle development. Physical activity further enhances growth by stimulating the release of growth hormones, improving bone density, and supporting muscle development.
Explain Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development and have an understanding of the changes that occur in each stage.
Sensorimotor (0-2 years): ability to use memory and recall objects and events (object permanence)
Pre-operational (2-7 years): beginning of language through understanding of symbols.
Concrete operational (7-11 years): ordering and classifying based on appearance, developing the ability to empathize.
Formal Operational (11-15 years): ability to draw conclusions based on hypothesis rather than objects.
Explain why and how modifications can be made to certain sports to take into account different ages, stages and ability levels.
The reason modifications are made to certain sports is due to skill levels, physical capabilities, and other physiological factors. A seven year old basketball player cannot logically be held to the same set of rules as a twenty year old NBA player, it doesn’t make sense. This is why modifications may be made (as well as things such as wheelchair basketball, for those who can’t run due to their disabilities). Modifications for ability levels may look like: leaving out some of the skill’s parts, practising the skill in a situation that eliminates some of the external complications, and breaking the skill down.
