Chapter 9

Question 1

The full potential of labor
can be utilized only if there
is mobility in labor.

Answer 1

Paul Hoffman

Question 2

The movement of
workers between
occupations,
firms, industries,
or countries.

Answer 2

Labor mobility

Question 3

can affect
workers on both
personal level
and aggregate
level.

Answer 3

Labor mobility

Question 4

TYPES OF MOBILITY

Answer 4

Voluntary mobility

Involuntary mobility

Question 5

occurs when workers choose to move to another job or location in pursuit of better wages, benefits, or working conditions.

Answer 5

Voluntary mobility

Question 6

occurs when workers are forced to move due to job loss, downsizing, or
other economic pressures

Answer 6

Involuntary mobility

Question 7

relates to a worker’s
ability to work in a certain physical area.

Answer 7

Geographic mobility

Question 8

refers to a worker’s
ability to switch occupations

Answer 8

Occupational mobility

Question 9

TWO TYPES OF LABOR MOBILITY

Answer 9

Geographic mobility
Occupational mobility

Question 10

The movement of
workers within the same country, from one region or city to another.

Answer 10

Internal labor mobility.

Question 11

The movement
of workers across national borders, from one
country to another.

Answer 11

International labor mobility.

Question 12

is the movement of people from one place to
another, usually over a long distance and with the
intention of settling in the new location.

Answer 12

Migration

Question 13

can be driven by a variety of factors, including economic opportunity, political instability, conflict, persecution, and the search for a better quality of life.

Answer 13

Migration

Question 14

TYPES OF MIGRATION

Answer 14

By political boundaries

▪ By area of origin or destination

▪ By movement patterns

▪ BY decision-making approach

Question 15

By Political Boundaries

Answer 15

Internal Migration.
International Migration.

Question 16

Within the same country, including
crossing political boundaries, rural to urban and urban to
suburban.

Answer 16

Internal Migration.

Question 17

The migration that occurs
between countries or across country boundaries.

Answer 17

International Migration.

Question 18

By Area of Origin or Destination

Answer 18

Emigration (out-migration)

Immigration (in-migration)

Question 19

refers to the migration of
persons from an area of origin. The area of origin is the area
or community where the migration began.

Answer 19

Emigration (out-migration)

Question 20

refers to the residential migration
of persons to an area of destination. The area of destination is
the area or community where the migration ended.

Answer 20

Immigration (in-migration)

Question 21

By Movement Patterns

Answer 21

Step migration.
▪ Circular migration.
▪ Chain migration.

Question 22

Initiating from a small settlement and going to a
larger settlement in the urban hierarchy over the years.

Answer 22

Step migration.

Question 23

Cyclical movement between origin and
destination settlements, typically for employment. It includes seasonal
migration (driven by seasonal peaks in labor demand) and return
migration (the migration of persons back to their area of origin at some
time after their initial movement).

Answer 23

▪ Circular migration.

Question 24

Occurs after a small number of groups move to a
host destination and are followed by others in the community

Answer 24

▪ Chain migration.

Question 25

By Decision making

Answer 25

Voluntary migration Involuntary migration Forced:

Question 26

movement based on a person’s free will and initiative, which could involve weighing options and choices.

Answer 26

Voluntary migration.

Question 27

Reluctant/impelled/imposed: Not forced, but caused by unfavourable situations.

Answer 27

Involuntary migration.

Question 28

Involuntary migration due to environmental and political factors.

Answer 28

Forced

Question 29

Involuntary migration due to environmental and political factors. These include

Answer 29

Refugees. ▪ Asylees. ▪ Internally displaced people (IDPs).

Question 30

Individuals who are unable to return home.

Answer 30

Refugees.

Question 31

Individuals undergoing legal procedures to qualify as refugees in a host country.

Answer 31

Asylees.

Question 32

Individuals who are forced to leave but do not cross any boundaries

Answer 32

Internally displaced people (IDPs).

Question 33

refers to the migration balance of an area, consisting of the number of in-migrants minus the number of out-migrants; the net balance may be positive (representing a net population gain to the area) or negative (representing a net loss) or, conceivably, zero

Answer 33

Net migration

Question 34

is the sum of migration for an area and is comprised of the in-migration into the area plus the outmigration from the area.

Answer 34

Gross migration

Question 35

is an area’s net migration divided by its gross migration. Migration in an area may be efficient or inefficient. For

Answer 35

Migration efficiency

Question 36

Measures of Migration

Answer 36

Emigration Rate. Immigration Rate. Net Migration Rate. Gross Migration Rate. Migration Efficiency Ratio.

Question 37

The number of emigrants departing an area of origin per 1,000 population in that area of origin in a given year. It is computed using the formula, (O / P) ∗ 1,000

Answer 37

Emigration Rate.

Question 38

The number of immigrants arriving at a destination per 1,000 population at that destination in a given year. It is computed using the formula, (I / P) ∗ 1,000

Answer 38

Immigration Rate.

Question 39

The difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year, per 1,000 persons. It is computed using the formula, [(I – O) / P] ∗ 1,000

Answer 39

Net Migration Rate.

Question 40

The sum of in-migrants and out-migrants of a geographical political area per 1,000 mid-year population. It is computed using the formula, [(I + O) / P] ∗ 1,000

Answer 40

Gross Migration Rate.

Question 41

. It is defined as the net migration of the area (in-migrants minus out-migrants) divided by the total number of moves whose origin or destination is that area (in-migrants plus out-migrants) multiplied by 100 = [(I – O) / (I + O)] ∗ 100

Answer 41

Migration Efficiency Ratio

Question 42

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

Answer 42

▪ Economic Factors ▪ Sociopolitical Factors ▪ Ecological factors

Question 43

The favorable attributes of a location are ___________ which attract a person.

Answer 43

pull factors,

Question 44

The unfavorable attributes operating at a location are the __________ which force or compel a person to move away.

Answer 44

push factors,

Question 45

▪ Unemployment or lack of employment opportunities ▪ Rural poverty ▪ Unsustainable livelihood

Answer 45

Economic Push Factors

Question 46

Job opportunities ▪ Better income and prospects for ▪ wealth creation ▪ Industrial innovation and ▪ technical know-how for a new industry ▪ Pursuit of specialized education

Answer 46

Economic pull factors

Question 47

Political instability ▪ Safety and security concerns (ethnic, religious, racial or cultural persecution) ▪ Conflicts or threat of a conflict ▪ Slavery or bonded labour ▪ Inadequate or limited urban services and infrastructure ▪ (including healthcare, education, utilities, transport and water)

Answer 47

Socio political push factors

Question 48

Family reunification ▪ Independence and freedom ▪ Integration and social cohesion ▪ Food security ▪ Affordable and accessible urban ▪ Services (including healthcare, education, utilities and transport)

Answer 48

Socio-political Pull factors

Question 49

Climate change (including extreme weather events) ▪ Crop failure and scarcity of food

Answer 49

Ecological push factors

Question 50

Abundance of natural resources and minerals (e.g. water, oil, uranium) ▪ Favourable climate

Answer 50

ecological pull factors

Question 51

is a measure of the increase in national income that occurs as a result of immigration. Immigration raises national income by more than it costs to employ immigrants.

Answer 51

▪ The immigrant surplus

Question 52

are financial or in-kind transfers made by migrants directly to families or communities in their countries of origin.

Answer 52

Remittances

Question 53

are funds, transferred by migrant workers directly to families or communities in their home country.

Answer 53

Remittances

Question 54

STYLIZED FACTS ABOUT LABOR MIGRATION

Answer 54

Labor migration tends to be driven by economic factors, such as the search for higher wages or better working conditions. ▪ Migrants are often younger and more educated than the general population in their countries of origin. ▪ Migration tends to be a more common option for men than for women, although the gender gap in migration rates has been decreasing over time. ▪ Migrants often come from rural areas and move to urban areas, both within their countries of origin and in other countries. Many migrants are part of a larger family network and may have family members who have migrated before them or who are planning to migrate in the future. ▪ Migrants often face challenges and barriers in their destination countries, including discrimination, language barriers, and difficulty finding work. ▪ The impact of migration on the sending and receiving countries can be complex, with both positive and negative effects on the economies and societies of both places. ▪ There is often a significant cultural exchange between migrants and their host communities, which can lead to the sharing of customs, traditions, and ideas.