Chapter 9

Question 1

The way a person typically interacts with significant others.

Answer 1

Attachment styles.

Question 2

A relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs.

Answer 2

Communal relationships.

Question 3

A secure, trusting, stable partnership.

Answer 3

Companionate love.

Question 4

The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationships when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both.

Answer 4

Equity theory.

Question 5

A relationships in which th eparticipants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions.

Answer 5

Exchange relationships.

Question 6

The process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimuli.

Answer 6

Excitation transfer.

Question 7

The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available.

Answer 7

Hard to get effect.

Question 8

A close relationships between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment or psychological needs, or interdepenedence.

Answer 8

Intimate relationships.

Question 9

A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations.

Answer 9

Loneliness

Question 10

The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in phsyical attractiveness.

Answer 10

Matching hypothesis.

Question 11

The phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus.

Answer 11

Mere exposure effect.

Question 12

The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships.

Answer 12

Need for affiliation.

Question 13

Romantic love chracterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection.

Answer 13

Passionate love.

Question 14

A mutual exchange between what we give and receive - for example, liking those who like us.

Answer 14

Reciprocity.

Question 15

Revelations about the self that a person makes to others.

Answer 15

Self disclosure.

Question 16

A persons preference for members of the same sex (homosexuality), oppisite sex (heterosexuality), both sexes (bisexuality), or neither (asexual).

Answer 16

Sexual orientation.

Question 17

A perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others.

Answer 17

Social exchange theory.

Question 18

A theory proposing that love has three basic components - intimacy, passion, and commitment - that can be combined to produce eight subtypes.

Answer 18

Triangular theory of love.

Question 19

The belief that physically attractice individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics.

Answer 19

What is beautiful if good stereotype.

Question 20

Describe the need for affiliation.

Answer 20

The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships.

Question 21

Define social anxiety.

Answer 21

Characterized by intense feelings of discomfort in situations that invite public scrutiny.

Question 22

What is the relationship between affiliation and stress?

Answer 22

Stress is not the only state of mind that inspired people to affiliate. External threat triggers fear and motivates us to affiliate, particularly with other who face a similiar threat.

Rofe argued that stress sparks the desire to affiliate only when being with others is seen as useful in reducing the negative impact of the stressful situation.

Question 23

Define loneliness. What are the three facets of loneliness, according to Cacioppo and others (2015)? Identify the factors that are associated with loneliness.

Answer 23

Loneliness: A sad, heart wrenching emotional state.

Three facets of loneliness: Intimate, relational, and collective.

Intimate lonliness is felt when someones wants but does not have a spouse, significant other, and best friends to rely on for emotional support.

Relational lonliness: is felt when someones wants but lacks friendships from school and work and family connections.

Collective lonliness: Come from remote relationships and the social identities we derive from, say, alumni of the schools we have attended adn clubs we join on the basis of common needs or interests.

Question 24

What role do rewards play in interpersonal attraction?

Answer 24

People are attracted to those with whom they can have a relationship that is rewarding. The reward may be direct, as when people provide us with attention, support, money, status, information, and other valuable resources.

Or rewards may be indirect, as when it feels good to be with someone who is beautiful, smart, or funny or who happens to be in our presence when times are good.

Question 25

What is the relationship between proximity and interpersonal attraction? Through what process does this relationship develop?

Answer 25

People are most likely to become attracted to someone they have seen and become familiar with. The single best predictor of whether two people will get together is - physical proximity or nearness.

Question 26

What are the objective factors and the subjective factors that influence perceptions of beauty?

Answer 26

Objective beauty standards include an hourglass shaped body in women. In men, the V shape body signalling more muscle than fat is also attractive. Smooth skin, a pleasant expression, and youthfulness are all factors that play a role in this as well. Subjective beauty factors include. The color red for male attractions to females is a strong association. Our perceptions of beauty can be inflated and deflated by various circumstances.

Question 27

Why are people attracted to beautiful people?

Answer 27

We derive pleasure from beautiful men and women the same way that we enjoy a breathtaking landscape.

Question 28

Describe the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.

Answer 28

The belief that physically attractive people also possess desirable personality characteristics.

Question 29

Describe the benefits and costs of being physically beautiful.

Answer 29

Benefits: More popular, more socially skilled, more sexually experienced, and more likely to attract a mate. Costs: People can't always tell if the attention and praise they receive from others is due to their talent or just their good looks. There is also a burden to maintain one appearance.

Question 30

How do similarity and dissimilarity influence our attraction to people during initial encounters?

Answer 30

People tend to associate with others who are similar to themselves. Even the mere perception of simliarity draws people together. Birds of a feather, flock together, but they also stay together as well. Interestingly, complementarianism doesn't make for attraction in matches. The more oppisite a person becomes, the more difficult the differences are to negotiate.

Question 31

Describe the matching hypothesis.

Answer 31

The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similiar in terms of physical attractiveness.

Question 32

Explain the role of reciprocity in early relationships.

Answer 32

A mutual exchange between what we face a receive - for example, liking those who like us.

Question 33

What is the hard-to-get effect? How do we respond to people who are hard to get?

Answer 33

Hard to get effect: The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available. We tend to prefer people who are at least somewhat selective compared to those who are not selective or too selective.

Question 34

Provide research evidence for and against an evolutionary view of mate selection.

Answer 34

Women must be highly selective because they are biologically limited in the number of children they can bear and raise in a lifetime. Men can father unlimited children and can ensure their reproductive success by inseminating many women. However, some argue that women trade youth and beauty for money for for reproductive puposes but rather because they often lack direct access to economic power.

Question 35

Explain the concepts of comparison level, comparison level alternatives, and investment in social exchange theory. How do these concepts work together to influence perceptions of and commitment to relationships?

Answer 35

Social exchange theory: A perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others. Comparison level: To refer to the average expected outcome in a relationship. A person with high CL expects his or her relationships to be rewarding, someone with a low CL does not. Comparison Level alternatives: To refer to people expectations about what they would receive in an alternative situation. If the rewards available elsewhere are believed to be high, a person will be less committed to staying in the present relationship. If people perceive that they have few acceptable alternatives, they will tend to remain, even in an unsatisfying relationship that fails to meet expectation.

Question 36

Describe the equity theory. In what way is the equity theory similar to the social exchange theory?

Answer 36

Equity theory: The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationships when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners. Social exchange theory states that people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in their interactions.

Question 37

How are communal relationships different from exchange relationships?

Answer 37

Exchange relationships: In which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions. Communal relationships: A relationship in which the participants desire mutual responsiveness to each others needs. Exchange relationships typically exist between strangers and casual acquaintances and in certain long term arraangments, such as business partnerships. Strong communal relationships are usually limited to close friends, romantic partners, and family members.

Question 38

Describe the different types of attachment style that adults exhibit in romantic relationships.

Answer 38

You already know this and have studied it extensively.

Question 39

Briefly describe Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, including its three basic components. List the types of love resulting from combinations of these three components.

Answer 39

Triangular theory of love: A theory proposing that love has three basic components - intimacy, passion, and commitment - that can be combined to produce eight subtypes. Intimacy: The emotional component, which involves liking and feelings of closeness. Passion: The motivational component, which contains drives that trigger attraction, romance, and sexual desire. Commitment: The cognitive component, which reflects the decision to make a long term commitment to a loved partner. Romantic love: Intimacy + Passion Fatuous love: Passion + Commitment Companionate love: Intimacy + Commitment

Question 40

How are passionate love and companionate love different, according to Hatfield?

Answer 40

Passionate love is an emotionally intense and often erotic state of absorption in another person, whereas companionate love is a slow building, secure, trusting, and stable partnership, similar to what Rubin called liking.

Question 41

Describe the roles that arousal and excitation transfer play in the experience of passionate love.

Answer 41

Excitation transfer: The process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus.

Question 42

Describe typical patterns of self-disclosure in the development of social relationships.

Answer 42

Self disclosure: A willingness to open up and share intimate facts and feelings. 1. We disclose to people we like. 2. We like people who disclose to us. 3. We like people to whom we have disclosed.

Question 43

Describe patterns of marital satisfaction and their relation to break-ups.