chapter 9

Question 1

a motivated chain of interrelated psychological events that cross a set of major mental areas to bring about an outcome, are potentially reversible and modifiable

Answer 1

personality dynamic

Question 2

a smaller personality dynamic that involves one part of a personality influencing another

Answer 2

micro-dynamics

Question 3

a class of long-term stable mental patterns related to motives, including such examples as need for achievement, sensation-seeking, and the like

Answer 3

dynamic traits

Question 4

a dynamic that crosses two or three major functional areas of personality

Answer 4

meso-dynamics

Question 5

models of the self and world that are especially focused on what causes a particular behavior, event, or situation. some people tend to see the world as caused by themselves, others see it as caused by other people or situations

Answer 5

causal attributions

Question 6

a larger dynamic that crosses all or almost all the many major functional areas or parts of personality

Answer 6

macro-level dynamics

Question 7

the conscious psychological awareness of a need

Answer 7

urge

Question 8

a state of tension within the individual that can be satisfied by a specific goal

Answer 8

need

Question 9

aspects of the environment that elicit needs in a person

Answer 9

press

Question 10

a process that is directing or ruling personality at a given point in time

Answer 10

regnant process

Question 11

a need that would take over the actions of personality-that is become a regnant process- more quickly than other needs; that is, a very important need

Answer 11

prepotent need

Question 12

basic needs in which may cause the establishment of secondary needs as when a person’s desire to be intimate with another person creates a need to behave well toward the person as a means to impress the individual

Answer 12

determinant needs

Question 13

a state of needs in which one need serves another, as when a person tries to do well in school (need for achievement) so as to attain the ultimate goal of impressing others (need for esteem)

Answer 13

subsidiary needs

Question 14

the state of a need or motive which, although originally caused by a biological urge, has taken on an independent life of its own

Answer 14

functionally autonomous

Question 15

specific activities a person is currently attempting to carry out in order to meet long term plans and goals

Answer 15

personal strivings

Question 16

a personal striving or plan that meets one set of goals whiles frustrating another set of goals

Answer 16

conflictual striving

Question 17

a personal striving that involves a goal that is, itself, fraught with problems. for example, striving to be honest. although very desirable, entails many costs

Answer 17

ambivalent striving

Question 18

a state or condition of several distinct needs that occurs when a person engages in an action or objective that satisfies all the needs simultaneously

Answer 18

need fusion

Question 19

an effect in which ideas or concepts that match a mood in tone (pleasant thoughts, happy mood) seem more memorable, plausible, reasonable, and/or likely than ideas or concepts that mismatch the individual’s mood

Answer 19

mood-congruent cognition effect

Question 20

a special case of the mood-congruent cognition effect concerning judgements of plausibility or likelihood. for example, in a happy mood, good weather seem more likely

Answer 20

mood-congruent judgement

Question 21

basic motives

Answer 21

ergs (ergic)

Question 22

emotional attachments to ideas or activities

Answer 22

sentiments

Question 23

a scientific label for the concept that simply thinking of a physical movement brings it about or increases the likelihood of bringing it about

Answer 23

ideomotor action

Question 24

the belief of a person holds as to how likely it is he or she will or can succeed at gaining a particular, sought-after objective

Answer 24

expectancy of reward

Question 25

the assessment a person makes of how desirable or pleasurable a particular objective or goal is

Answer 25

reward value

Question 26

the state of an idea or desire to act, when that desire is blocked from an action. in such a case, the idea may further be considered and elaborated. it may for example be recast as an emotional fantasy

Answer 26

regression of an idea

Question 27

mistaken behaviors or slips of the tongue that reveal something about a person's hidden motivations

Answer 27

parapraxes

Question 28

a part of the brain, located on the surface of the rearmost area of the frontal lobe, that controls the movement of the body, the areas of this surface region are arrayed in sequences that mirror in part the arrangement of the external body

Answer 28

motor homunculus

Question 29

the capacity of a portion of the brain or mind to control and direct the individual's external movement, activity, and language

Answer 29

access to motility

Question 30

fairly precise gestures that have specific meanings in one's culture, such as shaking the head up and down to mean "yes"

Answer 30

emblems

Question 31

movements of the hands or other body parts to supplement the meanings of speech, as when a person holds his hand close together to illustrate "small"

Answer 31

illustrators

Question 32

movement of the body or parts of the body for purposes of going someplace

Answer 32

locomotion

Question 33

physical movements that a person has performed over and over again until they are so over-learned the individual pays little or no attention to them

Answer 33

automatized actions

Question 34

the relatively direct and obvious meaning of a communication as opposed to its more hidden or symbolic meanings

Answer 34

manifest content

Question 35

meanings of a communication that are symbolic, secondary, or conveyed indirectly, but that still can be understood by a careful observer

Answer 35

latent content

Question 36

a sociological perspective on social behavior which concentrates on how people represent themselves and each other in society

Answer 36

symbolic interactionism

Question 37

statements people make to request a pardon or otherwise reduce the negativity of something they are about to say that they recognize may not meet the social ideals or expectations of the listener

Answer 37

disclaimers

Question 38

excuses or rationalizations people give of why they did or did not do something they should have done

Answer 38

accounts

Question 39

the attempt to make other people look a certain way; for example, drawing attention to qualities that may make them seem more courageous or cowardly than otherwise

Answer 39

altercasting

Question 40

a quality of the individual to be motivated and calculating so as to intentionally manipulate social situations for gain and power

Answer 40

machiavellian personality