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PATHOLOGY II > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gradual narrowing of the lumen

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

Rapid narrowing of the lumen

A

Thromboembolism

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3
Q

Weakening of vessel wall with dilation

A

aneurysm

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4
Q

Weakening of vessel wall with rupture

A

dissection (passage of blood through layers of wall)

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5
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

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6
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot in a vessel

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7
Q

Varicosity

A

dilation of a vein

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8
Q

tunica intima contains what type of cells

A

endothelia cells

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9
Q

tunica media contains what type of cells

A

smooth muscles

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10
Q

blood flow resistance is regulated by

A

arterioles

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11
Q

berry aneruysms

A

dilation of cerebral vessels

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12
Q

Arteriovenous fistula

A

connection of arterial and venous systems, bypass capillaries

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13
Q

fibromuscular dysplasia

A

local thickening of large/medium artery walls -> ischemia.
NONatherosclerotic.
NONinflammatory.
MC in young adult females

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14
Q

what percent of US adults are hypertensive (140/90)

A

25%

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15
Q

What percent of hypertension is idiopathic

A

95%

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16
Q

What percent of hypertension is malignant

A

5%

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17
Q

what percent of hypertension individuals will die from a stoke if left untreated?

A

50%

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18
Q

Is vascular wall responses to injury specific or non-soecific

A

non-specific (sterotypical)

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19
Q

Vascular wall response to injury

A
  1. endothelial injury/ dysfunction
  2. growth of smooth muscle cell and ECM
  3. irreversible intimal thickening
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20
Q

arteriolosclerosis

A

hardening of small arteries/ arterioles

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21
Q

Monckenberg medial sclerosis

A

Ca++ within arteries. no stenosis. not clinicall significant.
MC >50 years old

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

atheroma, stenosis, rupture, thrombosis

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23
Q

MC type of arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

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24
Q

which type of plaque presents inflammation vulnerable or stable

A

vulnerble

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25
true aneurysm
all 3 layers of a vessel, heart wall
26
false aneurysm
defect in a vascular wall
27
MC location of AAA
between the renal and common iliac arteries
28
< 4cm AAA incidence
very rare
29
4-5cm AAA incidence
1% per year
30
5-6cm AAA incidence
11% per year
31
>6cm AAA incidence
25% per year
32
what percent of ruptured AAA are fatal
50%
33
mortality rate for elective AAA surgery
5%
34
type of pain in an aortic dissection
sudden and severe "tearing or stabbing"
35
Type A aortic dissection
ascending aorta. | MC and most severe
36
Type B aortic dissection
distal to the left subclavian artery.
37
aortic dissections often occur with younger people that have what disease
marfan syndrome
38
aortic dissections often occur with HTN patients of what age
40-60
39
Another name for giant cell arteritis
temporal arteritis
40
arteries involved in giant cell arteritis
temporal artery ophthalmic artery 50% vertebral artery and aorta
41
"pulseless disease"
takayasu arteritis
42
Visual disturbances are associated with which arteritis
Takayasu arteritis
43
Takayasu arteritis MC locations
Aortic arch, branches off aortic arch
44
Polyarteritis nodosa
system wide vasculitis and transmural necrosis of small and medium sized arteries. It usually avoids pulmonary arteries.
45
Treatment of Polyarteritis nodosa
fatal if untreated. 90% cure with corticosteroids
46
MC age of Polyarteritis nodosa
young adults
47
Kawasaki disease
pediatric vasculitis (80% <4 years)
48
Severity of Kawasaki disease
depends on coronary artery disease. | >50% of aneurysms resolve within 2-years
49
Features of Kawasaki disease
fibrinoid necrosis, strawberry tongue (oral erythema)
50
What type of hypersensitivity is Kawasaki disease
IV
51
wegener granulomatosis features
a necrotizing vasculitis 1. granulomas 2. systemic vasculitis of small/medium arteries 3. Glomerulonephritis
52
MC age of wegener granulomatosis
middle aged males (40)
53
Thromboangiitis obliterans aka
Buerger disease
54
Buerger disease MC occurs in
heavy tobacco smokers. males 25-35
55
Features of Buerger disease
pain at rest, Raynaud phenomenon, ulceration and gangrene.
56
Raynaud phenomenon
exaggerated arteriole vasoconstriction. pallor and cyanosis
57
onset of Raynaud phenomenon
MC in young adult females
58
Primary Raynaud phenomenon
cold and emotional, 5% of U.S.
59
Secondary Raynaud phenomenon
artherosclerosis, Berger disease, Lupus, scleroderma, artherosclerosis
60
Phelbothrombosis
venous thrombosis without previous inflammation
61
Thrombophlebitis
venous thrombosis following inflammation
62
MC location of Thrombophlebitis
DVT (knee or thigh) 90% of cases
63
superior vena cava syndrome
bronchogenic carcinoma
64
inferior vena cava syndrome
hepatocellular carcinoma
65
`primary lymphedema
congenital lymphatic abnormalities
66
secondary lymphedema
obstruction of previously normal lymph vessels
67
characteristics of chronic lymphedema
peau d' orange, brawny induration
68
Lymphangitis
acute lymphatic vessel inflammation
69
Vascular tumors MC benign or malignant
benign
70
benign Vascular tumors
hemangioma
71
fairly aggressive Vascular tumors
kaposi sarcoma
72
Highly malignant Vascular sarcomas
angiosarcoma
73
hemangioma
1:200 newborns. increase local capillary growth. superficial tissues face, head, neck. 75-90 % self resolve by age 7
74
kaposi sarcoma
malignancy of lymphatic endothelial cells
75
causative agent of kaposi sarcoma
HHV-8
76
angiosarcomas
malignant endothelial neoplasia
77
MC age and location of angiosarcomas
older adults on the skin, breast, and liver
78
hepatic angiosarcomas
caused by arsenic, PVC, irradiation, lymphedema
79
latency period of angiosarcomas
several years
80
what is used for vascular grafts
great saphenous vein and internal mammary artery
81
durability of great saphenous vein
50% at 10 years
82
durability of internal mammary artery
90% at 10 years

PATHOLOGY II (3 decks)

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