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PATHOLOGY II > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Gradual narrowing of the lumen

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

Rapid narrowing of the lumen

A

Thromboembolism

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3
Q

Weakening of vessel wall with dilation

A

aneurysm

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4
Q

Weakening of vessel wall with rupture

A

dissection (passage of blood through layers of wall)

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5
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

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6
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot in a vessel

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7
Q

Varicosity

A

dilation of a vein

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8
Q

tunica intima contains what type of cells

A

endothelia cells

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9
Q

tunica media contains what type of cells

A

smooth muscles

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10
Q

blood flow resistance is regulated by

A

arterioles

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11
Q

berry aneruysms

A

dilation of cerebral vessels

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12
Q

Arteriovenous fistula

A

connection of arterial and venous systems, bypass capillaries

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13
Q

fibromuscular dysplasia

A

local thickening of large/medium artery walls -> ischemia.
NONatherosclerotic.
NONinflammatory.
MC in young adult females

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14
Q

what percent of US adults are hypertensive (140/90)

A

25%

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15
Q

What percent of hypertension is idiopathic

A

95%

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16
Q

What percent of hypertension is malignant

A

5%

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17
Q

what percent of hypertension individuals will die from a stoke if left untreated?

A

50%

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18
Q

Is vascular wall responses to injury specific or non-soecific

A

non-specific (sterotypical)

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19
Q

Vascular wall response to injury

A
  1. endothelial injury/ dysfunction
  2. growth of smooth muscle cell and ECM
  3. irreversible intimal thickening
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20
Q

arteriolosclerosis

A

hardening of small arteries/ arterioles

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21
Q

Monckenberg medial sclerosis

A

Ca++ within arteries. no stenosis. not clinicall significant.
MC >50 years old

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

atheroma, stenosis, rupture, thrombosis

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23
Q

MC type of arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

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24
Q

which type of plaque presents inflammation vulnerable or stable

A

vulnerble

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25
Q

true aneurysm

A

all 3 layers of a vessel, heart wall

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26
Q

false aneurysm

A

defect in a vascular wall

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27
Q

MC location of AAA

A

between the renal and common iliac arteries

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28
Q

< 4cm AAA incidence

A

very rare

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29
Q

4-5cm AAA incidence

A

1% per year

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30
Q

5-6cm AAA incidence

A

11% per year

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31
Q

> 6cm AAA incidence

A

25% per year

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32
Q

what percent of ruptured AAA are fatal

A

50%

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33
Q

mortality rate for elective AAA surgery

A

5%

34
Q

type of pain in an aortic dissection

A

sudden and severe ā€œtearing or stabbingā€

35
Q

Type A aortic dissection

A

ascending aorta.

MC and most severe

36
Q

Type B aortic dissection

A

distal to the left subclavian artery.

37
Q

aortic dissections often occur with younger people that have what disease

A

marfan syndrome

38
Q

aortic dissections often occur with HTN patients of what age

A

40-60

39
Q

Another name for giant cell arteritis

A

temporal arteritis

40
Q

arteries involved in giant cell arteritis

A

temporal artery
ophthalmic artery 50%
vertebral artery and aorta

41
Q

ā€œpulseless diseaseā€

A

takayasu arteritis

42
Q

Visual disturbances are associated with which arteritis

A

Takayasu arteritis

43
Q

Takayasu arteritis MC locations

A

Aortic arch, branches off aortic arch

44
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A

system wide vasculitis and transmural necrosis of small and medium sized arteries. It usually avoids pulmonary arteries.

45
Q

Treatment of Polyarteritis nodosa

A

fatal if untreated. 90% cure with corticosteroids

46
Q

MC age of Polyarteritis nodosa

A

young adults

47
Q

Kawasaki disease

A

pediatric vasculitis (80% <4 years)

48
Q

Severity of Kawasaki disease

A

depends on coronary artery disease.

>50% of aneurysms resolve within 2-years

49
Q

Features of Kawasaki disease

A

fibrinoid necrosis, strawberry tongue (oral erythema)

50
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is Kawasaki disease

A

IV

51
Q

wegener granulomatosis features

A

a necrotizing vasculitis

  1. granulomas
  2. systemic vasculitis of small/medium arteries
  3. Glomerulonephritis
52
Q

MC age of wegener granulomatosis

A

middle aged males (40)

53
Q

Thromboangiitis obliterans aka

A

Buerger disease

54
Q

Buerger disease MC occurs in

A

heavy tobacco smokers. males 25-35

55
Q

Features of Buerger disease

A

pain at rest, Raynaud phenomenon, ulceration and gangrene.

56
Q

Raynaud phenomenon

A

exaggerated arteriole vasoconstriction. pallor and cyanosis

57
Q

onset of Raynaud phenomenon

A

MC in young adult females

58
Q

Primary Raynaud phenomenon

A

cold and emotional, 5% of U.S.

59
Q

Secondary Raynaud phenomenon

A

artherosclerosis, Berger disease, Lupus, scleroderma, artherosclerosis

60
Q

Phelbothrombosis

A

venous thrombosis without previous inflammation

61
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

venous thrombosis following inflammation

62
Q

MC location of Thrombophlebitis

A

DVT (knee or thigh) 90% of cases

63
Q

superior vena cava syndrome

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

64
Q

inferior vena cava syndrome

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

65
Q

`primary lymphedema

A

congenital lymphatic abnormalities

66
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

obstruction of previously normal lymph vessels

67
Q

characteristics of chronic lymphedema

A

peau dā€™ orange, brawny induration

68
Q

Lymphangitis

A

acute lymphatic vessel inflammation

69
Q

Vascular tumors MC benign or malignant

A

benign

70
Q

benign Vascular tumors

A

hemangioma

71
Q

fairly aggressive Vascular tumors

A

kaposi sarcoma

72
Q

Highly malignant Vascular sarcomas

A

angiosarcoma

73
Q

hemangioma

A

1:200 newborns.
increase local capillary growth.
superficial tissues face, head, neck. 75-90 % self resolve by age 7

74
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

malignancy of lymphatic endothelial cells

75
Q

causative agent of kaposi sarcoma

A

HHV-8

76
Q

angiosarcomas

A

malignant endothelial neoplasia

77
Q

MC age and location of angiosarcomas

A

older adults on the skin, breast, and liver

78
Q

hepatic angiosarcomas

A

caused by arsenic, PVC, irradiation, lymphedema

79
Q

latency period of angiosarcomas

A

several years

80
Q

what is used for vascular grafts

A

great saphenous vein and internal mammary artery

81
Q

durability of great saphenous vein

A

50% at 10 years

82
Q

durability of internal mammary artery

A

90% at 10 years

PATHOLOGY II (3 decks)

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