Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is heredity
Heredity is transmission of traits from one generation to another
Genetics
Scientific study of heredity
Character
Heritable feature which varies among individuals
Gene
A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Trait
Particular variants of a character
Allele
Alternative forms of a gene located same place on chromosome
What was Mendels experimental system and why was it useful
He described that traits are inherited through discrete particles of inheritance that are unchanged from generation to generation
What is P
Parental
Travel to all parts Sperm and egg
True breeding
Repeated self mating or sibling mating produce a trait like the parents every time
Self fertilization
Mating within an individual
Cross fertilization
Mating between individuals
F1
Off spring are a mixture of mother and father
F2
Product of F1 individuals mating
Does a Punnett square tell you exactly what you will get from a cross
No it does not gives you a prediction
What is a dominant allele and a recessive allele
Dominant is the uppercase
Recessive is lowercase
What is homozygous v. Heterozygous
Heterozygous describes an allele with differing gene pair
Homozygous refers to an allele with identical genes
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype
Genotype is the allele
Phenotype is the characteristics of the allele
What is mendels principle segregation
Alleles for a character are separated by gamete formation and repaired by fertilization
A pair of alleles from each parent to offspring
What is mendels principle of independent assortment
Genes do not communicate with each other when their alleles segregate
How do we determine the probability of independent events occurring by applying the rules of multiplying and adding
Multiplication - probability of two independent events both happening “AND “ is the probability of first event times plus probability of the second
Adding- probability an event happens in two different ways “OR” is the probability of first events plus probability of the second
Why did Mendel need large samples
The more samples the more a probabilistic process will conform to the expected probability
He had to know the true proportions of the phenotype
What does a statistical test tell you
It determines if observed numbers match up with predicted values
Why are disease alleles that interfere with reproduction more likely to be recessive
Because their has to be two copies for the offspring to acquire the disease allele
Explain the chromosome theory inheritance
Independent assortment - these two homologous chromosomes carry different alleles, and they separate from each other during meiosis 1
