Chapter 9 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Coordinates and directs the activity pf the body’s cells
A
Endocrine and Nervous system
2
Q
“built for speed”
A
Nervous system
3
Q
The major processes Endocrine control are
A
Reproduction Growth and development Mobilizing body defenses against stress Maintaining electrolytes, water and nutrient balance of the blood Regulating cellular metabolism Energy balance
4
Q
Scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs is called
A
Endocrinology
5
Q
Although many different hormones are produced, nearly all of them can be classified chemically as either
A
amino acid based molecules or steroids
6
Q
Steroid hormones are made from
A
cholestrol
7
Q
Gonads
A
ovaries and testes
8
Q
Steroid hormones include
A
sex hormones made by gonads and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
9
Q
Local hormones
A
Prostaglandins
10
Q
Prostaglandins are made from
A
highly active lipids released from nearly all cell membranes.
11
Q
A given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs, referred to as its
A
target cell or target organs
12
Q
Hormone comes from the Greek word meaning
A
to arouse
13
Q
Only 2 mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in cells
A
Steroidal hormones
Thyroid Hormones
14
Q
Water soluble, non-steroidal hormones, which are unable to enter the target cells
A
Protein and peptide hormones
15
Q
Protein and peptide hormones, what do they?
A
They bind to hormone receptors situated on the target cell’s plasma membrane and utilize a second messenger system
16
Q
Ceif means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones
A
Negative feedback mechanism
17
Q
The stimuli that activate the endocrine organs fall into 3 major categories
A
Hormonal
Humoral
Neural
18
Q
Most common stimulus is a
A
Hormonal stimulus, in which endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones
19
Q
Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients may also stimulate hormone release, such stimuli are also referred to as
A
Humoral stimuli
20
Q
Bloodborne chemicals
A
Hormonal stimuli
21
Q
The word humor indicates
A
various body fluids
22
Q
In isolated cases, nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and the the target cells are said to respond to
A
neural stimuli
23
Q
Ex of Neural stimuli
A
sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine during periods of stress
24
Q
Major endocrine organs
A
pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pineal glands gonads
25
Part of NS, major Endocrine organ, produces several organs
Hypothalamus
26
Function of hormone producing glands is purely
endocrine
27
Function of non hormone producing glands is
mixed- both endocrine and exocrine
28
Endocrine glands are
ductless glands, that produce hormones that they release into the blood or lymph
29
Endocrine glands have a
rich blood supply
30
Exocrine glands release their products at
the body's surface or into body cavities through cavitie
31
Pituitary glans is surrounded by what?
"Turk's saddle" of the sphenoid bone
32
2 functional lobes or pituitary glands
```
anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)
posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)
```
33
Growth hormone and prolactin exert their major roles on
nonendocrine targets
34
thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic and the 2 gonadotropic hormones are all
tropic hormones
35
all anterior pituitary hormones
- are proteins or peptides
- act through 2nd membrane systems
- are regulated by hormonal stimuli and in most cases negative feedback
36
General metabolic hormone
Growth hormone GH
37
GH's major effects are directed to the growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones of the body, which determines the final body size
38
if untreated, both deficits and excess of GH, may result in
structural abnormalities
39
Hyposecreation of GH during childhood leads to
pituitary dwarfism
40
Hypersecreation during childhood leads to
gigantism
41
If hypersecretion occurs after long bone growth has ended,
acromegaly results
42
Thickening of soft tissues leads to
coarse or malformed facial features
43
Most cases of hypersecreation ny endocrine organs (pituitary and the other endocrine organs) result from
tumors of the affected gland
44
Protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone
Prolactin PRL
45
target of prolactin
breast
46
After birth what does prolactin do?
Stimulates and maintains milk production by the mother's breasts
47
Regulates the endrocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
48
Influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
49
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called
Thyrotropic hormone (TH)
50
Regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads
Gonadotropic
51
In women, what stimulates follicle development in the ovaries
the gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormones FSH
52
As the FSH mature, they produce
estrogen and eggs are readied for ovulation
53
in men, FHS stimulates sperm development by the
testes
54
Triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen
Luteinizing hormone LH
55
in men LH stimulates
testosterone production by the interstitial cells of the testes
56
Hyposecreation of FSH or LH leads to
sterility in both male and females
57
Tropic hormone
stimulate certain endocrine organs to secret their hormones
58
Anterior pituitary gland controls
"master endocrine gland"
59
releasing or inhibiting hormones are produced by
inhibiting hormones
60
hypothalamus makes 2 additional hormones
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
61
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are transported along the axons of the
hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
62
posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland because
it does not make the peptide hormones it releases
63
posterior pituitary acts as a
storage area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons
64
What is released significantly only during childbirth and in nursing women?
Oxytocin
65
Functions of oxytocin
- stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscle during labor, during sexual relations, during breastfeeding.
- Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
66
Used to induce labor
Natural and synthetic oxytocic drugs (pitocin and others)
67
Used to stop postpartum bleeding and to stimulate the milk ejection
Oxytocics
68
2nd hormone released by the posterior pituitary is
antidiuretic hormone ADH
69
urine production
diuresis
70
function of ADH?
prevent urine production
71
Increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the aeterioles (small arteries)
ADH
72
Why is ADH called vasopressin?
it raises blood pressure
73
Results in output of large amounts of urine
Drinking alcohol beverages inhibit ADH secretion
74
Hyposecretion of ADH leads to a condition of excessive urine output called
diabetes insipidus
75
People with diabetes insipidus are
continually thirsty and drink huge amounts of water
76
Imbalances that lead to excessive weight gain or loss are only present in a small number of people
Thyroid gland
77
Thyroid gland makes 2 hormones
thyroid hormones and calcitonin
78
calcitonin are produced by the
parafollicular cells
79
Internally thyroid glands is composed of hollow structures called
follicles, which store a sticky colloidal material.
80
Thyroid hormone is referred to as the
body's major metabolic hormone,
81
Thyroid hormone is actually 2 active iodine containing hormone
thyroxine t4 and triiodothyrronine t3.
82
Major hormone secreted by the thyroid follicles
Thyrozine
83
Thyroid hormone controls
the rate at which glucose is burned or oxidized and converted to body heat and chemical energy
84
All body cells dpend on what to power their activities
continuous supply of chemical energy
85
Thyroid hormone is also important for normal
tissue growth and development, especially in the reproductive and nervous systems
86
Without iodine
functional hormones cannot be made
87
Enlargement of the tyroid gland that result when the diet is deficient in iodine
Goiter
88
Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood, the result is
cretinism
89
Cretinism results in
dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain childlike
90
Untreated people with cretinism are
mentally retarded
91
Hypothyroidism occurring in aults results in
myxedema
92
Hypothyroidism results from a
tumor of the thyroid gland
93
Extreme over production of thyroxine results in a
```
high basal metabolic rate
intolerance to heat
rapid heartbeat
weight loss
nervous and agitated behavior
```
94
One form of hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
95
2nd important hormone product of the thyroid gland
calcitonin, decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones
96
Calcitonin is made by the
so called parafollicular cells
97
parafollicular cells are found in the connective tissue between
the follicles
98
Tiny masses of glandular tissue most often found on the posterior surface of the thyroid
parathyroid glands
99
Parathyroids secrete
parathyroid hormone PTH or parathormone, most important regulator of calcium iron
100
When blood calcium levels drop
osteoclasts are released
101
PTH is a
hypercalcemic hormone (that is it acts to increase blood levels of calcium)
102
calcitonin is a
hypocalcemic hormone
103
PTH stimulates
skeleton (major target)
kidneys
intestine
104
When blood calcium levels fall too low, neurons become
extremely irritable and overactive
105
tetany
uncontrollable spams
106
Severe hhyperparathyroidism causes
massive bone destruction
107
Curve over the top of the kidneys; bean shaped
adrenal glands
108
Adrenal gland is actually
structurally and functionally 2 endocrine organs in one
109
Much like the pituitary gland, adrenal gland has
glandular (cortex) and neural tissue (medulla)
110
Central medulla region is enclosed by the
adrenal cortex, which contains 3 separate layers of cells
111
Adrenal cortex produces 3 major groups of
steroid hormones
112
3 major groups of steroid hormones produced by adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones
113
Produced by the outermost adrenal cortex cell layer
Minerolocorticoids, mainly aldosterone
114
Mineralocorticoids are important in
regulating the mineral or salt content of the blood, particularly the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions.
115
Target of Mineralocorticoids
Kidney tubule
116
When blood levels of aldosterone rise,
the kidney tubule cell reclaim increasing amounts of sodium ions and secrete more potassium ions into the urine
117
The release of aldosterone is stimulated by
humoral factors
118
Enzyme produced by the kidney when blood pressure drops
Renin
119
What causes angiotensis II
release of aldosterone by triggering a series of reactions
120
A potent stimulator of aldosterone release
angiotensis II
121
Hormone released by heart
atrial natriuretic peptide
122
The middle cortical layer mainly produces
glucocorticoids
123
glucocorticoids include
cortisone and cortisol
124
glucocorticoids promote
normal cell metabolism and help the body to resist long term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels
125
glucocorticoids are said to be
hyperglycemic hormones
126
pain causing molecules
prostaglandis
127
adrenal cortex produces
both male and female sex hormones
128
The bulk of the sex hormones produced by the innermost cortex layer are
androgens (male sex hormone)
129
regulate the metabolic activity of other cells
hormones
130
all nonsteroidal hormones are
acid derivatives
131
steroid hormones can diffuse through the
plasma membrane of their target cell
132
regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland
adrenocorticotropic
133
the thyroid gland enlarges and the eyes may bulge or protrude anteriorly
exophthalmos
134
peculiar bronze tone of the skin
addison's disease
135
Hypersecreation problems may result from an
ACTH releasing tumor of the pituitary or from adreanal cortical tumors
136
hyperactivity of the outermost cortical area results in
hyperaldosteronism
137
develops from a knot of nervous system
adrenal medulla
138
when medulla is stimulated it receives 2 hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
139
another word for epinephrine
adrenaline
140
more important in helping the body to cope with prolonged or continuing stressors
glucocorticoids
141
glucocorticoids operates
during resistance stage
142
hypersecreation of catecholamines leads to symptoms similar to;
what are they?
sympathetic nervous system
rapidly beating heart, high blood pressure
143
best hidden endocrine glands in the body
pancreatic islets
144
pancreatic islets are also called
islets of Langerhans
145
exocrine part of the pancreas
digestive system
146
high levels of glucose in the blood stimulates the release of
insulin from the beta cell
147
when large amounts of fats are used for energy the blood becomes
very acidic
148
intermediate products of fat breakdown
ketones
149
excessive urination to flush out the glucose and ketones
polyuria
150
excessive thirst resulting from water loss
polydipsia
151
hunger due to inability to use sugars and loss of fat and proteins
polyphagia
152
those with wild cases of diabetes mellitus produce
insulin
153
sleep trigger
melatonin
154
bring about menstrual cycle
progesterone
155
prepare breast for lactation
human placental lactogen
156
causes mother's pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible
relaxin
157
pineal gland is entirely
neural tissue
158
in late middle ages the efficiency of the ovaries begins to decline, causing
menopause
