Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic System, and Immune System Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
What is Hematology?
A
Hematology is the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood through tests, procedures, and drugs
2
Q
What is Hematopoiesis?
A
Hematopoiesis is the process of the formation of all formed elements in the blood and the body
3
Q
What is Immunology?
A
Immunology is the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system through tests, procedures, and drugs
4
Q
What does the Lymphatic System consist of?
A
The Lymphatic System consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph fluid, the spleen, and the thymas
5
Q
What does the Lymphatic System form?
A
Forms a pathway of lymphatic vessels and nodes throughout the body
6
Q
The Lymphatic System defends the body against what?
A
Defends the body against invading microorganisms and cancerous cells
7
Q
What are the two particular types of blood cells The Lymphatic System share?
A
Shares two particular types of blood cells known as lymphocytes and macrophages (white blood cells)
8
Q
What are macrophages and lymphocytes?
A
White blood cells
9
Q
What happens to immature leukocytes?
A
immature leukocytes are released into the blood and travel to the thymus
10
Q
What does the spleen serve as?
A
the spleen serves as a storage area for reserve supplies of blood
11
Q
What does the spleen break down and recycle?
A
The spleen breaks down and recycles old erythrocytes (red blood cells)
12
Q
What are erythrocytes?
A
red blood cells
13
Q
What portion is plasma in the blood?
A
Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood
14
Q
What does plasma look like? And how much does it make up?
A
-clear, straw-colored liquid
-makes up 55% of the total volume of blood
15
Q
What is the most numerous type of blood cell?
A
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
16
Q
What do Erythrocytes look like?
A
round, somewhat flattened, red disks
17
Q
What makes Erythrocytes unique?
A
they have no cell nucleus when they mature
18
Q
What do Erythrocytes do?
A
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the lungs and each cell in the body
19
Q
What do Erythrocytes contain?
A
Erythrocytes contain Hemoglobin
20
Q
What is hemoglobin
A
a red iron-containing molecule
21
Q
What does hemoglobin do? and where does it take place?
A
-bind to oxygen molecules to form Oxyhemoglobin
-formation takes place in the red marrow of the bones
22
Q
What are very immature cells known as?
A
Very immature cells are known as stem cells
23
Q
What do mature stem cells become?
A
mature stem cells become erythroblasts and then a normoblast
24
Q
What is something erythrocytes cannot do?
A
cannot divide or repair themselves
25
How long do Erythrocytes have until they deteriorate?
last only 120 days before they begin to deteriorate
26
What do specialized cells break down their molecules into?
Specialized cells (macrophages) break down their hemoglobin molecules into globins and heme
27
What are specialized cells?
macrophages
28
What are Heme molecules converted to?
Heme molecules are converted to bilirubin
29
What role does Bilirubin play?
Bilirubin plays an important role as an antioxidant
30
What does Bilirubin protect the body cells against?
Bilirubin protects body cells from damage by free radicals
31
How many kinds of cells do Leukocytes have?
5 different kinds of cells
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
32
How do Leukocytes get identified?
Can be identified based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of the nucleus
33
What do Leukocytes with large granules in their cytoplasm and segmented nucleus categorized as?
granulocytes
34
What do Granulocytes include
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
35
-phil
suffix: attraction to
36
What is the most common type of leukocyte?
Neutrophils
37
What is the percentage of Neutrophils in the blood?
40-60% in the blood
38
What are Neutrophils categorized as?
Categorized as granulocytes
39
What do Neutrophils have a lot of?
Have many lobes
40
What are Neutrophils known as?
known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMN) or poly
41
Where do Neutrophils develop?
develop in the red marrow
42
What does CBC mean?
complete blood count
43
What would cause a higher count of Neutrophils in the CBC?
Most likely would be a higher count in the CBC if a patient is fighting a bacterial infection
44
Why are Neutrophils part of the immune response of the lymphatic system?
because they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria
45
How long do Neutrophils live if they are actively destroying bacteria?
Live for a few days or hours
46
What are the 2 least common leukocytes?
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
47
What are Eosinophils categorized as?
categorized as granulocytes
48
What are Basophils categorized as?
categorized as granulocytes
49
Where do Eosinophils develop?
develop in the red marrow
50
What do Eosinophils do?
Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, and animal dander)
51
What do Eosinophils release?
Release toxic chemicals that kill parasites that invade the body
52
What are Eosinophils involved in?
involved in allergen triggers as a localized reaction
53
How many lobes does the nucleus of a basophil have?
2 lobes
54
Where do basophils develop?
develop in red marrow
55
What does basophil release?
-Release histamine at the site of tissue damage
-release heparin
56
What is heparin?
an anticoagulant
57
What is the second most common leukocyte?
Lymphocytes
58
What are lymphocytes categorized as? Why?
-categorized as agranulocytes
-because the granules in their cytoplasm are nearly invisible
59
How long do Lymphocytes live?
Some live for a few days or many years
60
Where do lymphocytes begin their development?
begin their development in the red marrow
61
Where are lymphocytes present?
-blood
-lymph nodes
-lymphoid tissue
-organs of the lymphatic system
62
What is the largest but one of the least common leukocytes in the blood?
Monocytes
63
Why are Monocytes categorized as? Why?
categorized as agranulocytes because the granules in their cytoplasm are nearly invisible
64
What do Monocytes have a large amount of?
have a large amount of cytoplasm
65
What are the monocytes nucleus shaped as?
kidney beans
66
Where do Monocytes develop?
develop in the red marrow
67
What are monocytes?
phagocytes
68
What do monocytes do?
engulf and destroy all types of invading microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris
69
Where are monocytes found?
Found in the blood and in the lymph nodes of the lymphatic system
70
Why are Thrombocytes different from other blood cells?
Because they are only cell fragments
71
What is another name for thrombocytes?
Platelets
72
What is another name for thrombocytes?
Platelets
73
Where do thrombocytes go when they begin? and what do they become after?
-begin in the red marrow as stem cells
-then become megakaryoblasts
74
What does the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes' do?
constantly breaks away at the edge to form the cell fragments that are released into the blood
75
What are other substances in the plasma?
-Electrolytes
-Albumin
(There are more these are the highlighted ones on the notes)
76
What are examples electrolytes?
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, And Bicarbonate
77
What is the most abundant protein dissolved in the blood?
Albumin
78
What does Albumin do?
Prevents too much water from escaping into tissue during inflammatory reactions
79
What are the blood types called?
- A
- B
- AB
- O
80
AB blood is a:
Universal recipient
81
What type O is blood known as? Why
- known as the universal donor
- because it can be given to patients with any other blood type without causing a reaction
82
How many antigens does the Rh blood group have?
47 antigens
83
When is Rh positive?
positive when antigens are present on erythrocytes
84
When is RH negative?
Negative when antigens are not present on erythrocytes
85
Where is RH carried?
Carried in the red blood cells
86
How is our blood type determined?
Through RHs' genetic material that is carried in the red blood cells
87
What are blood groups named for?
For their respective antigens
88
What are antigens?
protein molecules
89
Where are antigens located?
located on the red blood cells' cell membrane
90
Physiology of Blood Clotting:
- Platelet
- Coagutation
- Hemostasis
- Serum
91
What is Hemostasis?
The process of coagulation and the stopping of breathing
92
What causes Serum?
when clotting factors in the plasma are activated to form a blood clot this fluid portion of the plasma that remains is known as serum
93
What happens during Platelet aggregation?
blood vessels constrict to decrease the loss of blood
94
What happens to Thrombocytes during Platelet aggregation?
Thrombocytes stick to damaged vessel walls and form clumps that slow blood flow
95
What is activated during coagulation?
Prothrombin is a clotting factor activated
96
Why is Prothrombin activated during coagulation?
Activated to help in the formation of a thrombus or clot
97
What are Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph similar to?
Similar IN STRUCTURE to blood vessels, but with several important differences
98
How and where do Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph begin as?
Begin as tiny lymphatic capillaries in the tissues
99
Lymphatic capillaries' have large what?
Large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter
100
What happens to Lymphatic capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes
101
Describe Lymph nodes:
Small, encapsulated structures that filter the skin
102
What do Lymph Nodes do?
Destroy any microorganisms or cancerous cells that are present
103
Where are Lymph Nodes linked in?
Linked in chains in areas where there is a high risk of invasion by microorganisms or cancerous cells
104
What do Lymphoid Tissues contain?
Contains lymphocytes that are active in the immune system
- Tonsils
-Adenoids
- Appendix
105
What are Lymphoid Organs?
- Thymus
- Spleen
106
Where is the Thymus located?
Located within the mediastinum posterior to the sternum
107
What does the Thymus receive?
Receives lymphoblasts that migrate from the red marrow and help them mature into T-Cells
108
Why is the Thymus part of the endocrine system?
because it secretes hormones
109
Where is the Spleen located and positioned?
- Posterior to the stomach
- Lefter Upper Quadrant of abdomen
110
Where does the spleen function at?
functions as part of the blood and as part of the immune response of the lymphatic system
111
The spleen acts like a storage area for what?
acts as a storage area for whole blood
112
What does the spleen secrete and what does it cause?
secretes epinephrine that causes the spleen to contract and release its stored blood in the circulatory system
113
what are pathogens?
invaders of the body!
114
How does the Immune Response function?
- Detects and destroys invading microorganisms and cancerous cells that arise internally
- Begins with the detection of invading microorganisms known as pathogens
115
pro-
prefix: before
116
-lysis
process to breakdown; process to destroy
117
bas/o-
base of a structure; basic (alkaline)
118
-phil
suffix: attraction to; fondness for
119
plasm/o-
plasma
120
apher/o-
withdrawal
121
-esis
suffix: condition; abnormal condition; process
122
phor/o-
to bear; to carry; range
123
erythr/o-
red
124
-poietin
suffix: a substance that forms
125
-blast
suffix: immature cell
126
-lyte
suffix: dissolved substance
127
immun/o-
immune response
128
suppress/o-
press down
129
-ant
suffix: pertaining to
130
fus/o-
pouring
131
-penia
suffix: condition of deficiency
132
plast/o-
growth; formation
133
opportun/o-
well timed; taking advantage of an opportunity
134
-crit
suffix: separation of
135
-stasis
suffix: condition of standing still; staying in one place
136
meg/a-
large
137
kary/o-
nucleus
138
inhibit/o-
cut back
139
agglutin/o-
clumping
140
anis/o-
unequal
141
attenu/o-
weakened
142
poikil/o-
irregular
143
heter/o-
other
144
What is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of blood?
hematology
145
What are the microorganisms that cause diseases known as?
pathogens
146
What is aplastic anemia?
the failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient numbers of erythrocytes
147
What is thrombocythemia?
Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis as a result of platelet malformations
148
What is the blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample?
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
149
what does WBC mean?
white blood cells
150
What is the abbreviation that refers to leukocytes
WBC
151
what is the process by which all blood cells are formed in the bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis
152
What is hemophilia?
an inherited abnormality that causes a deficiency of a specific clotting factor resulting in a reduced ability to clot blood
153
sider/o-
iron
154
What category do Neutrophils belong to?
Neutrophils belong to a category of leukocytes that have large granules in cytoplasm
155
What is a hemorrhage?
bleeding; the release of blood from a broken blood vessel, either inside or outside the body
156
What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
AIDS; the late stage of the HIV infection
157
What is Leukemia?
Blood cancer
158
What is mononucleosis?
Mono
159
What does the abbreviation DVT stand for?
Deep venous thrombosis
160
What is deep venous thrombosis?
a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the lower leg
161
What is Hemophilia? And who passes it?
A genetic disease passed on by a mother carrying the gene
162
What is lymphoma?
Cancer of the lymphatic system
163
Blood type is a:
test to determine the blood type and Rh factor of the patient
164
What does Complete blood count (CBC) with differential do?
determines the number, type, and characteristics of carious cells in the blood
165
What type of test is ELISA?
Serum tests
166
What is ELISA?
a screening test for antibodies against HIV
167
What does the MonoSpot test do?
test for infectious mononucleosis
168
What is Phlebotomy?
drawing a sample of venous blood into a vacuum tube
169
What is an Autologous Blood Transfusion?
a blood transfusion when the patients donate their own blood in advance so they can receive it during surgery
170
What is a drug that affects coagulation?
Thrombolytic enzymes
171
leiomy/o-
smooth (visceral) muscle
172
muscl/o-
muscle
173
rhabd/o-
rod-shaped (striated)
174
rhabdomy/o-
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
175
carp/o-
carpus (wrist bone)
176
clavicul/o-
clavicle (collar bone)
177
dactyl/o-
fingers; toes
178
humer/o-
humerus (upper arm bone)
179
metacarp/o-
metacarpus (hand bones)
180
phalang/o-
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
181
spondyl/o-
vertebrae (backbone)
182
calcane/o-
calcaneum (heel bone)
183
femor/o-
femur (thigh bone)
184
fibul/o-
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
185
ischi/o-
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
186
lumb/o-
loins (lower back)
187
metatars/o-
metatarsus (foot bones)
188
patell/o-
patella (kneecap)
189
pod/o-
foot
190
pub/o-
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
191
tibi/o-
tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
192
ankyl/o-
stiffness; bent; crooked
193
fasci/o-
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
194
fibr/o-
fiber, fibrous tissue
195
lamin/o-
lamina (part of vertebral arch)
196
lord/o-
curve, swayback
197
kyph/o-
humpback
198
myel/o-
bone marrow; spinal cord
199
scoli/o-
crooked, bent
200
synov/o-
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
201
ten/o-
tendon
202
tend/o-
tendon
203
tendin/o-
tendon
204
-asthenia
suffix: weakness, disability
205
-clasia
suffix: to break; surgical fracture
206
-clast
suffix: to break; surgical fracture
207
-desis
suffix: binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
208
-malacia
suffix: softening
209
-porosis
suffix: porous
210
-sarcoma
suffix: malignant tumor of connective tissue
211
syn-
prefix: union, together, joined
212
granul/o-
granular, granules
213
thym/o-
thymus; mind, soul, or emotion
214
What does HIV stand for?
human immunodeficiency virus
215
What does Ig stand for?
immunoglobulin
216
What doe EBV stand for?
Epstein-Barr virus
217
What do Hb, and Hgb stand for?
hemoglobin
